The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults

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dc.contributor.authorGrimsrud, Annaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorStein, Dan Jen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorSeedat, Sorayaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorWilliams, Daviden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMyer, Landonen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-12-20T16:08:01Z
dc.date.available2015-12-20T16:08:01Z
dc.date.issued2009en_ZA
dc.description.abstractObjective: Growing evidence suggests high levels of comorbidity between hypertension and mental illness but there are few data from low- and middle-income countries. We examined the association between hypertension and depression and anxiety in South Africa. METHODS: Data come from a nationally-representative survey of adults (n = 4351). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to measure DSM-IV mental disorders during the previous 12-months. The relationships between self-reported hypertension and anxiety disorders, depressive disorders and comorbid anxiety-depression were assessed after adjustment for participant characteristics including experience of trauma and other chronic physical conditions. RESULTS: Overall 16.7% reported a previous medical diagnosis of hypertension, and 8.1% and 4.9% were found to have a 12-month anxiety or depressive disorder, respectively. In adjusted analyses, hypertension diagnosis was associated with 12-month anxiety disorders [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.55, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-2.18] but not 12-month depressive disorders or 12-month comorbid anxiety-depression. Hypertension in the absence of other chronic physical conditions was not associated with any of the 12-month mental health outcomes (p-values all <0.05), while being diagnosed with both hypertension and another chronic physical condition were associated with 12-month anxiety disorders (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.46-3.45), but not 12-month depressive disorders or comorbid anxiety-depression. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first population-based estimates to demonstrate an association between hypertension and mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. Further investigation is needed into role of traumatic life events in the aetiology of hypertension as well as the temporality of the association between hypertension and mental disorders.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationGrimsrud, A., Stein, D. J., Seedat, S., Williams, D., & Myer, L. (2009). The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults. <i>PLoS One</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15931en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationGrimsrud, Anna, Dan J Stein, Soraya Seedat, David Williams, and Landon Myer "The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults." <i>PLoS One</i> (2009) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15931en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationGrimsrud, A., Stein, D. J., Seedat, S., Williams, D., & Myer, L. (2009). The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults. PLoS One, 4(5), e5552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005552en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Grimsrud, Anna AU - Stein, Dan J AU - Seedat, Soraya AU - Williams, David AU - Myer, Landon AB - Objective: Growing evidence suggests high levels of comorbidity between hypertension and mental illness but there are few data from low- and middle-income countries. We examined the association between hypertension and depression and anxiety in South Africa. METHODS: Data come from a nationally-representative survey of adults (n = 4351). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to measure DSM-IV mental disorders during the previous 12-months. The relationships between self-reported hypertension and anxiety disorders, depressive disorders and comorbid anxiety-depression were assessed after adjustment for participant characteristics including experience of trauma and other chronic physical conditions. RESULTS: Overall 16.7% reported a previous medical diagnosis of hypertension, and 8.1% and 4.9% were found to have a 12-month anxiety or depressive disorder, respectively. In adjusted analyses, hypertension diagnosis was associated with 12-month anxiety disorders [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.55, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-2.18] but not 12-month depressive disorders or 12-month comorbid anxiety-depression. Hypertension in the absence of other chronic physical conditions was not associated with any of the 12-month mental health outcomes (p-values all <0.05), while being diagnosed with both hypertension and another chronic physical condition were associated with 12-month anxiety disorders (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.46-3.45), but not 12-month depressive disorders or comorbid anxiety-depression. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first population-based estimates to demonstrate an association between hypertension and mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. Further investigation is needed into role of traumatic life events in the aetiology of hypertension as well as the temporality of the association between hypertension and mental disorders. DA - 2009 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0005552 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - PLoS One LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2009 T1 - The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults TI - The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15931 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/15931
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005552
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationGrimsrud A, Stein DJ, Seedat S, Williams D, Myer L. The association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adults. PLoS One. 2009; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15931.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Public Health and Family Medicineen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_ZA
dc.rights.holder© 2009 Grimsrud et alen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_ZA
dc.sourcePLoS Oneen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://journals.plos.org/plosoneen_ZA
dc.subject.otherHypertensionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDepressionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherAnxiety disordersen_ZA
dc.subject.otherMental health and psychiatryen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDemographyen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDiagnostic medicineen_ZA
dc.subject.otherSocial stratificationen_ZA
dc.subject.otherAdultsen_ZA
dc.titleThe association between hypertension and depression and anxiety disorders: results from a nationally-representative sample of South African adultsen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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