Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study

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dc.contributor.authorMüller, Alex
dc.contributor.authorDaskilewicz, Kristen
dc.contributor.authorKabwe, Mc L
dc.contributor.authorMmolai-Chalmers, Anna
dc.contributor.authorMorroni, Chelsea
dc.contributor.authorMuparamoto, Nelson
dc.contributor.authorMuula, Adamson S
dc.contributor.authorOdira, Vincent
dc.contributor.authorZimba, Martin
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-12T07:12:13Z
dc.date.available2021-10-12T07:12:13Z
dc.date.issued2021-02-15
dc.date.updated2021-02-21T04:27:09Z
dc.description.abstractObjective The objective of this research was to assess physical and sexual violence experienced by sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries, and to examine factors associated with violence. Methods We conducted an exploratory multi-country cross-sectional study among self-identifying sexual and gender minorities, using a survey tool available in paper and online. Participants were sampled through venue-based and web-based convenience sampling. We analysed data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression, with Stata15. Findings Of 3798 participants, 23% were gender minorities, 20% were living with HIV, and 18% had been coerced into marriage. Fifty-six per cent of all participants had experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, and 29% in the past year. Gender minorities had experienced significantly higher levels of violence compared to cisgender (sexual minority) participants. The variable most strongly associated with having experienced violence was being coerced into marriage (AOR, 3.02), followed by people living nearby knowing about one’s sexual orientation and/or gender identity (AOR, 1.90) and living with HIV (AOR, 1.47). Conclusion Sexual and gender minorities in Eastern and Southern Africa experience high levels of violence. Sexual orientation and gender identity need to be recognised as risk factors for violence in national and regional law and policy frameworks. States should follow the African Commission Resolution 275 and provide protection against violence based on real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.en_US
dc.identifier.apacitationMüller, A., Daskilewicz, K., Kabwe, M. L., Mmolai-Chalmers, A., Morroni, C., Muparamoto, N., ... Zimba, M. (2021). Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study. <i>BMC Public Health</i>, 21(Article number: 357), http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35181en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationMüller, Alex, Kristen Daskilewicz, Mc L Kabwe, Anna Mmolai-Chalmers, Chelsea Morroni, Nelson Muparamoto, Adamson S Muula, Vincent Odira, and Martin Zimba "Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study." <i>BMC Public Health</i> 21, Article number: 357. (2021) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35181en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationMüller, A., Daskilewicz, K., Kabwe, M.L., Mmolai-Chalmers, A., Morroni, C., Muparamoto, N., Muula, A.S. & Odira, V. et al. 2021. Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study. <i>BMC Public Health.</i> 21(Article number: 357) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35181en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Müller, Alex AU - Daskilewicz, Kristen AU - Kabwe, Mc L AU - Mmolai-Chalmers, Anna AU - Morroni, Chelsea AU - Muparamoto, Nelson AU - Muula, Adamson S AU - Odira, Vincent AU - Zimba, Martin AB - Objective The objective of this research was to assess physical and sexual violence experienced by sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries, and to examine factors associated with violence. Methods We conducted an exploratory multi-country cross-sectional study among self-identifying sexual and gender minorities, using a survey tool available in paper and online. Participants were sampled through venue-based and web-based convenience sampling. We analysed data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression, with Stata15. Findings Of 3798 participants, 23% were gender minorities, 20% were living with HIV, and 18% had been coerced into marriage. Fifty-six per cent of all participants had experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime, and 29% in the past year. Gender minorities had experienced significantly higher levels of violence compared to cisgender (sexual minority) participants. The variable most strongly associated with having experienced violence was being coerced into marriage (AOR, 3.02), followed by people living nearby knowing about one’s sexual orientation and/or gender identity (AOR, 1.90) and living with HIV (AOR, 1.47). Conclusion Sexual and gender minorities in Eastern and Southern Africa experience high levels of violence. Sexual orientation and gender identity need to be recognised as risk factors for violence in national and regional law and policy frameworks. States should follow the African Commission Resolution 275 and provide protection against violence based on real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. DA - 2021-02-15 DB - OpenUCT DP - University of Cape Town IS - Article number: 357 J1 - BMC Public Health KW - Violence KW - Sexual and gender minority KW - Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression KW - Africa KW - Discrimination KW - Lesbian KW - Gay KW - Bisexual KW - Transgender KW - Intersex LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PY - 2021 T1 - Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study TI - Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35181 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10314-w
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/35181
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationMüller A, Daskilewicz K, Kabwe ML, Mmolai-Chalmers A, Morroni C, Muparamoto N, et al. Experience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(Article number: 357) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/35181.en_ZA
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.language.rfc3066en
dc.publisher.departmentWomen's Health Research Uniten_US
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_US
dc.rights.holderThe Author(s)
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.sourceBMC Public Healthen_US
dc.source.journalissueArticle number: 357en_US
dc.source.journalvolume21en_US
dc.source.urihttps://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/
dc.subjectViolenceen_US
dc.subjectSexual and gender minorityen_US
dc.subjectSexual orientation and gender identity and expressionen_US
dc.subjectAfricaen_US
dc.subjectDiscriminationen_US
dc.subjectLesbianen_US
dc.subjectGayen_US
dc.subjectBisexualen_US
dc.subjectTransgenderen_US
dc.subjectIntersexen_US
dc.titleExperience of and factors associated with violence against sexual and gender minorities in nine African countries: a cross-sectional studyen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
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