Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment
| dc.contributor.author | Marino, L V | |
| dc.contributor.author | Goddard, E | |
| dc.contributor.author | Whitelaw, A | |
| dc.contributor.author | Workman, L | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2016-09-07T11:53:23Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2016-09-07T11:53:23Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2007 | |
| dc.date.updated | 2016-01-08T09:31:48Z | |
| dc.description.abstract | Background. The study arose as part of a best-practice nutrition model regarding the introduction of ready-to-use (RTU) infant feeds in place of powdered infant feeds (PIFs) as a standard formula for infants under the age of 1 year who are unable to be breastfed. Internationally and locally there is grave concern regarding the safety and efficacy of mixing PIFs, especially in a hospital setting, and the resultant bacterial contamination causing enteric infections, especially in premature, immunocompromised and sick infants. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of PIFs given to infants at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town. Methods. Quantitative levels of bacterial contamination were determined and were expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs) per millilitre of sample. Aliquots of milk were inoculated onto agar, and the milk samples were then incubated at 25o C overnight (N = 10), 30o C overnight (N = 48) and 30o C for 6 hours (N = 34). Post-incubation milk samples were cultured again. Contamination was defined as any positive culture before administration (i.e. pre incubation) or > 102 CFU/ ml after administration (i.e. post incubation). Results. Fifty samples of PIFs (N = 82) were contaminated pre incubation, with 25/82 samples (30.4%) being heavily contaminated (≥ 104 CFU/ml). Post incubation, 43/92 samples (46.7%) were contaminated with > 102 CFU/ml. The acidified PIFs appeared to have some bactericidal effect against some of the organisms, but not all. Conclusions. RTU infant feeds are sterile and are recommended for use in all hospitalised infants. The results of this study indicate that even when milk is prepared in a controlled environment there is significant bacterial contamination of PIFs post production. As RTU feeds are now readily available in South Africa every attempt should be made to use a sterile RTU system for hospitalised infants | |
| dc.identifier.apacitation | Marino, L. V., Goddard, E., Whitelaw, A., & Workman, L. (2007). Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment. <i>South African Medical Journal</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21719 | en_ZA |
| dc.identifier.chicagocitation | Marino, L V, E Goddard, A Whitelaw, and L Workman "Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment." <i>South African Medical Journal</i> (2007) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21719 | en_ZA |
| dc.identifier.citation | Marino, L. V., Goddard, E., Whitelaw, A., & Workman, L. (2007). Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital environment. South African Medical Journal, 97(7). | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0256-9574 | |
| dc.identifier.ris | TY - Journal Article AU - Marino, L V AU - Goddard, E AU - Whitelaw, A AU - Workman, L AB - Background. The study arose as part of a best-practice nutrition model regarding the introduction of ready-to-use (RTU) infant feeds in place of powdered infant feeds (PIFs) as a standard formula for infants under the age of 1 year who are unable to be breastfed. Internationally and locally there is grave concern regarding the safety and efficacy of mixing PIFs, especially in a hospital setting, and the resultant bacterial contamination causing enteric infections, especially in premature, immunocompromised and sick infants. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of PIFs given to infants at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town. Methods. Quantitative levels of bacterial contamination were determined and were expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs) per millilitre of sample. Aliquots of milk were inoculated onto agar, and the milk samples were then incubated at 25o C overnight (N = 10), 30o C overnight (N = 48) and 30o C for 6 hours (N = 34). Post-incubation milk samples were cultured again. Contamination was defined as any positive culture before administration (i.e. pre incubation) or > 102 CFU/ ml after administration (i.e. post incubation). Results. Fifty samples of PIFs (N = 82) were contaminated pre incubation, with 25/82 samples (30.4%) being heavily contaminated (≥ 104 CFU/ml). Post incubation, 43/92 samples (46.7%) were contaminated with > 102 CFU/ml. The acidified PIFs appeared to have some bactericidal effect against some of the organisms, but not all. Conclusions. RTU infant feeds are sterile and are recommended for use in all hospitalised infants. The results of this study indicate that even when milk is prepared in a controlled environment there is significant bacterial contamination of PIFs post production. As RTU feeds are now readily available in South Africa every attempt should be made to use a sterile RTU system for hospitalised infants DA - 2007 DB - OpenUCT DP - University of Cape Town J1 - South African Medical Journal LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2007 SM - 0256-9574 T1 - Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment TI - Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21719 ER - | en_ZA |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21719 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/704/193 | |
| dc.identifier.vancouvercitation | Marino LV, Goddard E, Whitelaw A, Workman L. Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment. South African Medical Journal. 2007; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21719. | en_ZA |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.publisher.department | Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences | en_ZA |
| dc.publisher.faculty | Faculty of Health Sciences | en_ZA |
| dc.publisher.institution | University of Cape Town | |
| dc.source | South African Medical Journal | |
| dc.source.uri | http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj | |
| dc.title | Prevalence of bacterial contamination of powdered infant feeds in a hospital enviroment | |
| dc.type | Journal Article | en_ZA |
| uct.type.filetype | Text | |
| uct.type.filetype | Image | |
| uct.type.publication | Research | en_ZA |
| uct.type.resource | Article | en_ZA |