Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake

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dc.contributor.authorCharlton, Karen E
dc.contributor.authorSteyn, Krisela
dc.contributor.authorLevitt, Naomi S
dc.contributor.authorJonathan, Deborah
dc.contributor.authorZulu, Jabulisiwe V
dc.contributor.authorNel, Johanna H
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-08T07:15:58Z
dc.date.available2021-10-08T07:15:58Z
dc.date.issued2008
dc.description.abstractOBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a short food-frequency questionnaire to assess habitual dietary salt intake in South Africans and to allow classification of individuals according to intakes above or below the maximum recommended intake of 6 g salt day-1. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study in 324 conveniently sampled men and women. METHODS: Repeated 24-hour urinary Na values and 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained on three occasions. Food items consumed by >5% of the sample and which contributed > or =50 mg Na serving-1 were included in the questionnaire in 42 categories. A scoring system was devised, based on Na content of one index food per category and frequency of consumption. RESULTS: Positive correlations were found between Na content of 35 of the 42 food categories in the questionnaire and total Na intake, calculated from 24-hour recall data. Total Na content of the questionnaire was associated with Na estimations from 24-hour recall data (r = 0.750; P < 0.0001; n = 328) and urinary Na (r = 0.152; P = 0.0105; n = 284). Urinary Na was higher for subjects in tertile 3 than tertile 1 of questionnaire Na content (P < 0.05). Questionnaire Na content of <2400 and > or =2400 mg day-1 equated to a reference cut-off score of 48 and corresponded to mean (standard deviation) urinary Na values of 145 (68) and 176 (99) mmol day-1, respectively (P < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity against urinary Na > or =100 and <100 mmol day-1 was 12.4% and 93.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A 42-item food-frequency questionnaire has been shown to have content-, construct- and criterion-related validity, as well as internal consistency, with regard to categorising individuals according to their habitual salt intake; however, the devised scoring system needs to show improved sensitivity.
dc.identifier.apacitationCharlton, K. E., Steyn, K., Levitt, N. S., Jonathan, D., Zulu, J. V., & Nel, J. H. (2008). Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake. <i>Public Health Nutrition</i>, 11(1), 174 - 177. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/34735en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationCharlton, Karen E, Krisela Steyn, Naomi S Levitt, Deborah Jonathan, Jabulisiwe V Zulu, and Johanna H Nel "Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake." <i>Public Health Nutrition</i> 11, 1. (2008): 174 - 177. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/34735en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationCharlton, K.E., Steyn, K., Levitt, N.S., Jonathan, D., Zulu, J.V. & Nel, J.H. 2008. Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake. <i>Public Health Nutrition.</i> 11(1):174 - 177. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/34735en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn1368-9800
dc.identifier.issn1475-2727
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Charlton, Karen E AU - Steyn, Krisela AU - Levitt, Naomi S AU - Jonathan, Deborah AU - Zulu, Jabulisiwe V AU - Nel, Johanna H AB - OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a short food-frequency questionnaire to assess habitual dietary salt intake in South Africans and to allow classification of individuals according to intakes above or below the maximum recommended intake of 6 g salt day-1. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study in 324 conveniently sampled men and women. METHODS: Repeated 24-hour urinary Na values and 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained on three occasions. Food items consumed by >5% of the sample and which contributed > or =50 mg Na serving-1 were included in the questionnaire in 42 categories. A scoring system was devised, based on Na content of one index food per category and frequency of consumption. RESULTS: Positive correlations were found between Na content of 35 of the 42 food categories in the questionnaire and total Na intake, calculated from 24-hour recall data. Total Na content of the questionnaire was associated with Na estimations from 24-hour recall data (r = 0.750; P < 0.0001; n = 328) and urinary Na (r = 0.152; P = 0.0105; n = 284). Urinary Na was higher for subjects in tertile 3 than tertile 1 of questionnaire Na content (P < 0.05). Questionnaire Na content of <2400 and > or =2400 mg day-1 equated to a reference cut-off score of 48 and corresponded to mean (standard deviation) urinary Na values of 145 (68) and 176 (99) mmol day-1, respectively (P < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity against urinary Na > or =100 and <100 mmol day-1 was 12.4% and 93.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A 42-item food-frequency questionnaire has been shown to have content-, construct- and criterion-related validity, as well as internal consistency, with regard to categorising individuals according to their habitual salt intake; however, the devised scoring system needs to show improved sensitivity. DA - 2008 DB - OpenUCT DP - University of Cape Town IS - 1 J1 - Public Health Nutrition LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PY - 2008 SM - 1368-9800 SM - 1475-2727 T1 - Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake TI - Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/34735 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/34735
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationCharlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Jonathan D, Zulu JV, Nel JH. Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake. Public Health Nutrition. 2008;11(1):174 - 177. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/34735.en_ZA
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisher.departmentDivision of Endocrinology and Diabetology
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciences
dc.sourcePublic Health Nutrition
dc.source.journalissue1
dc.source.journalvolume11
dc.source.pagination174 - 177
dc.source.urihttps://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007000146
dc.subject.otherAdult
dc.subject.otherAfrican Continental Ancestry Group
dc.subject.otherAged
dc.subject.otherBlood Pressure
dc.subject.otherCase-Control Studies
dc.subject.otherCross-Sectional Studies
dc.subject.otherDiet Records
dc.subject.otherFemale
dc.subject.otherHumans
dc.subject.otherHypertension
dc.subject.otherMale
dc.subject.otherMiddle Aged
dc.subject.otherNutrition Assessment
dc.subject.otherSensitivity and Specificity
dc.subject.otherSodium, Dietary
dc.subject.otherSouth Africa
dc.subject.otherSurveys and Questionnaires
dc.subject.otherSodium, Dietary
dc.titleDevelopment and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake
dc.typeJournal Article
uct.type.publicationResearch
uct.type.resourceJournal Article
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