Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study

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dc.contributor.authorvan Niekerk, Sjan-Marien_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLouw, Quinetteen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorVaughan, Christopheren_ZA
dc.contributor.authorGrimmer-Somers, Karenen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorSchreve, Kristiaanen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-10-28T07:05:51Z
dc.date.available2015-10-28T07:05:51Z
dc.date.issued2008en_ZA
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND: All the reported measures of sitting posture, as well as photographs, have one flaw, as these measures are external to the body. These measures use calculations from external bony landmarks to estimate spinal posture, on the understanding that what is being measured externally reflects the shape, health and performance of structures of the underlying spine. Without a comparative measure of the relative position of the structures of the spine, the validity of any external spinal posture measure cannot be established. This paper reports on a study which tests the validity of photographs to measure adolescent sitting posture. METHODS: The study was conducted in a laboratory at the Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town. A random sample of 40 adolescents were recruited from the Cape metropolitan schools, to detect differences of three degrees or more between the repeated measures of upright, normal or slouched posture (photographs) and between the posture photographs and LODOX measures. Eligible participants were healthy male and female subjects aged 15 or 16 years old, in Grade 10, and who were undertaking Computer or Computype studies at their schools. Two posture measurement tools were used in the study, namely: Photographs were taken using the Photographic Posture Analysis Method (PPAM) and Radiographs were taken using the LODOX (LODOX (Pty) Ltd) system. Subjects' posture was assessed in simulated computer workstations. The following angles were measured: the sagittal head angle, cervical angle, protraction/retraction angle, arm angle and the thoracic angle. RESULTS: Data from 39 subjects (19 males, 20 females) was used for analysis (17 15-year-olds (7 boys and 10 girls), 22 16-year-olds (12 boys and 10 girls)). All but one photographic angle showed moderate to good correlation with the LODOX angles (Pearson r values 0.67-0.95) with the exception being the shoulder protraction/retraction angle Pearson r values. Bland Altman limits of agreement illustrated a slight bias for all angles. The reliability study findings from repeated photographs demonstrated moderate to good correlation of all angles (ICC values 0.78-0.99). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that photographs provide valid and reliable indicators of the position of the underlying spine in sitting. Clinically it is important to know whether a patient is showing true progression in relation to a postural intervention. Based on the results of this study, the PPAM can be used in practice as a valid measure of sitting posture.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationvan Niekerk, S., Louw, Q., Vaughan, C., Grimmer-Somers, K., & Schreve, K. (2008). Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study. <i>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14471en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationvan Niekerk, Sjan-Mari, Quinette Louw, Christopher Vaughan, Karen Grimmer-Somers, and Kristiaan Schreve "Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study." <i>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders</i> (2008) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14471en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationvan Niekerk, S. M., Louw, Q., Vaughan, C., Grimmer-Somers, K., & Schreve, K. (2008). Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 9(1), 113.en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - van Niekerk, Sjan-Mari AU - Louw, Quinette AU - Vaughan, Christopher AU - Grimmer-Somers, Karen AU - Schreve, Kristiaan AB - BACKGROUND: All the reported measures of sitting posture, as well as photographs, have one flaw, as these measures are external to the body. These measures use calculations from external bony landmarks to estimate spinal posture, on the understanding that what is being measured externally reflects the shape, health and performance of structures of the underlying spine. Without a comparative measure of the relative position of the structures of the spine, the validity of any external spinal posture measure cannot be established. This paper reports on a study which tests the validity of photographs to measure adolescent sitting posture. METHODS: The study was conducted in a laboratory at the Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town. A random sample of 40 adolescents were recruited from the Cape metropolitan schools, to detect differences of three degrees or more between the repeated measures of upright, normal or slouched posture (photographs) and between the posture photographs and LODOX measures. Eligible participants were healthy male and female subjects aged 15 or 16 years old, in Grade 10, and who were undertaking Computer or Computype studies at their schools. Two posture measurement tools were used in the study, namely: Photographs were taken using the Photographic Posture Analysis Method (PPAM) and Radiographs were taken using the LODOX (LODOX (Pty) Ltd) system. Subjects' posture was assessed in simulated computer workstations. The following angles were measured: the sagittal head angle, cervical angle, protraction/retraction angle, arm angle and the thoracic angle. RESULTS: Data from 39 subjects (19 males, 20 females) was used for analysis (17 15-year-olds (7 boys and 10 girls), 22 16-year-olds (12 boys and 10 girls)). All but one photographic angle showed moderate to good correlation with the LODOX angles (Pearson r values 0.67-0.95) with the exception being the shoulder protraction/retraction angle Pearson r values. Bland Altman limits of agreement illustrated a slight bias for all angles. The reliability study findings from repeated photographs demonstrated moderate to good correlation of all angles (ICC values 0.78-0.99). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that photographs provide valid and reliable indicators of the position of the underlying spine in sitting. Clinically it is important to know whether a patient is showing true progression in relation to a postural intervention. Based on the results of this study, the PPAM can be used in practice as a valid measure of sitting posture. DA - 2008 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1186/1471-2474-9-113 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2008 T1 - Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study TI - Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14471 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/14471
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-9-113
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationvan Niekerk S, Louw Q, Vaughan C, Grimmer-Somers K, Schreve K. Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14471.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherBioMed Central Ltden_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Human Biologyen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licenseen_ZA
dc.rights.holder2008 van Niekerk et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.en_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0en_ZA
dc.sourceBMC Musculoskeletal Disordersen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmusculoskeletdisord/en_ZA
dc.subject.otherHuman Biologyen_ZA
dc.subject.otherModels, Biologicalen_ZA
dc.subject.otherPhotographyen_ZA
dc.subject.otherPostureen_ZA
dc.titlePhotographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity studyen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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