Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa

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dc.contributor.authorDalvie, Mohameden_ZA
dc.contributor.authorCairncross, Eugeneen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorSolomon, Abdullahen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLondon, Leslieen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-10-12T11:02:00Z
dc.date.available2015-10-12T11:02:00Z
dc.date.issued2003en_ZA
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND:In South Africa there is little data on environmental pollution of rural water sources by agrochemicals. METHODS: This study investigated pesticide contamination of ground and surface water in three intensive agricultural areas in the Western Cape: the Hex River Valley, Grabouw and Piketberg. Monitoring for endosulfan and chlorpyrifos at low levels was conducted as well as screening for other pesticides. RESULTS: The quantification limit for endosulfan was 0.1 mug/L. Endosulfan was found to be widespread in ground water, surface water and drinking water. The contamination was mostly at low levels, but regularly exceeded the European Drinking Water Standard of 0.1 mug/L. The two most contaminated sites were a sub-surface drain in the Hex River Valley and a dam in Grabouw, with 0.83 +/- 1.0 mug/L (n = 21) and 3.16 +/- 3.5 mug/L (n = 13) average endosulfan levels respectively. Other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, fenarimol, iprodione, deltamethrin, penconazole and prothiofos were detected. Endosulfan was most frequently detected in Grabouw (69%) followed by Hex River (46%) and Piketberg (39%). Detections were more frequent in surface water (47%) than in groundwater (32%) and coincided with irrigation, and to a lesser extent, to spraying and trigger rains. Total dietary endosulfan intake calculated from levels found in drinking water did not exceed the Joint WHO/FAO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) criteria. CONCLUSION: The study has shown the need for monitoring of pesticide contamination in surface and groundwater, and the development of drinking water quality standards for specific pesticides in South Africa.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationDalvie, M., Cairncross, E., Solomon, A., & London, L. (2003). Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. <i>Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14219en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationDalvie, Mohamed, Eugene Cairncross, Abdullah Solomon, and Leslie London "Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa." <i>Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source</i> (2003) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14219en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationDalvie, M., et al. (2003). Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 2(1).en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Dalvie, Mohamed AU - Cairncross, Eugene AU - Solomon, Abdullah AU - London, Leslie AB - BACKGROUND:In South Africa there is little data on environmental pollution of rural water sources by agrochemicals. METHODS: This study investigated pesticide contamination of ground and surface water in three intensive agricultural areas in the Western Cape: the Hex River Valley, Grabouw and Piketberg. Monitoring for endosulfan and chlorpyrifos at low levels was conducted as well as screening for other pesticides. RESULTS: The quantification limit for endosulfan was 0.1 mug/L. Endosulfan was found to be widespread in ground water, surface water and drinking water. The contamination was mostly at low levels, but regularly exceeded the European Drinking Water Standard of 0.1 mug/L. The two most contaminated sites were a sub-surface drain in the Hex River Valley and a dam in Grabouw, with 0.83 +/- 1.0 mug/L (n = 21) and 3.16 +/- 3.5 mug/L (n = 13) average endosulfan levels respectively. Other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, fenarimol, iprodione, deltamethrin, penconazole and prothiofos were detected. Endosulfan was most frequently detected in Grabouw (69%) followed by Hex River (46%) and Piketberg (39%). Detections were more frequent in surface water (47%) than in groundwater (32%) and coincided with irrigation, and to a lesser extent, to spraying and trigger rains. Total dietary endosulfan intake calculated from levels found in drinking water did not exceed the Joint WHO/FAO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) criteria. CONCLUSION: The study has shown the need for monitoring of pesticide contamination in surface and groundwater, and the development of drinking water quality standards for specific pesticides in South Africa. DA - 2003 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1186/1476-069X-2-1 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2003 T1 - Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa TI - Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14219 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/14219
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-2-1
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationDalvie M, Cairncross E, Solomon A, London L. Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 2003; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14219.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherBioMed Central Ltden_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Public Health and Family Medicineen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licenseen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0en_ZA
dc.sourceEnvironmental Health: A Global Access Science Sourceen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://www.ehjournal.net/en_ZA
dc.subject.otherOccupational and Environmental Healthen_ZA
dc.titleContamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africaen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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