Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones

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dc.contributor.authorRodgers, Allenen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorGauvin, Danielen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorEdeh, Samuelen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorAllie-Hamdulay, Shameezen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorJackson, Grahamen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLieske, John Cen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-11-18T07:15:59Z
dc.date.available2015-11-18T07:15:59Z
dc.date.issued2014en_ZA
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND: Urinary sulfate (SO 4 2− ) and thiosulfate (S 2 O 3 2− ) can potentially bind with calcium and decrease kidney stone risk. We modeled the effects of these species on the concentration of ionized calcium (iCa) and on supersaturation (SS) of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP), and measured their in vitro effects on iCa and the upper limit of stability (ULM) of these salts. METHODS: Urine data from 4 different types of stone patients were obtained from the Mayo Nephrology Clinic (Model 1). A second data set was obtained from healthy controls and hypercalciuric stone formers in the literature who had been treated with sodium thiosulfate (STS) (Model 2). The Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS) was used to calculate iCa and SS. In Model 1, these parameters were calculated as a function of sulfate and thiosulfate concentrations. In Model 2, data from pre- and post STS urines were analyzed. ULM and iCa were determined in human urine as a function of sulfate and thiosulfate concentrations. RESULTS: Calculated iCa and SS values for all calcium salts decreased with increasing sulfate concentration. Thiosulfate had no effect on these parameters. In Model 2, calculated iCa and CaOx SS increased after STS treatment, but CaP SS decreased, perhaps due to a decrease in pH after STS treatment. In confirmatory in vitro experiments supplemental sulfate, but not thiosulfate, significantly increased the calcium needed to achieve the ULM of CaP and tended to increase the oxalate needed to reach the ULM of CaOx. Sulfate also significantly decreased iCa in human urine, while thiosulfate had no effect. CONCLUSION: Increasing urinary sulfate could theoretically reduce CaOx and CaP stone risk. Although STS may reduce CaP stone risk by decreasing urinary pH, it might also paradoxically increase iCa and CaOx SS. As such, STS may not be a viable treatment option for stone disease.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationRodgers, A., Gauvin, D., Edeh, S., Allie-Hamdulay, S., Jackson, G., & Lieske, J. C. (2014). Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones. <i>PLoS One</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15156en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationRodgers, Allen, Daniel Gauvin, Samuel Edeh, Shameez Allie-Hamdulay, Graham Jackson, and John C Lieske "Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones." <i>PLoS One</i> (2014) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15156en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationRodgers, A., Gauvin, D., Edeh, S., Allie-Hamdulay, S., Jackson, G., & Lieske, J. C. (2013). Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones. PloS one, 9(7), e103602. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103602en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Rodgers, Allen AU - Gauvin, Daniel AU - Edeh, Samuel AU - Allie-Hamdulay, Shameez AU - Jackson, Graham AU - Lieske, John C AB - BACKGROUND: Urinary sulfate (SO 4 2− ) and thiosulfate (S 2 O 3 2− ) can potentially bind with calcium and decrease kidney stone risk. We modeled the effects of these species on the concentration of ionized calcium (iCa) and on supersaturation (SS) of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP), and measured their in vitro effects on iCa and the upper limit of stability (ULM) of these salts. METHODS: Urine data from 4 different types of stone patients were obtained from the Mayo Nephrology Clinic (Model 1). A second data set was obtained from healthy controls and hypercalciuric stone formers in the literature who had been treated with sodium thiosulfate (STS) (Model 2). The Joint Expert Speciation System (JESS) was used to calculate iCa and SS. In Model 1, these parameters were calculated as a function of sulfate and thiosulfate concentrations. In Model 2, data from pre- and post STS urines were analyzed. ULM and iCa were determined in human urine as a function of sulfate and thiosulfate concentrations. RESULTS: Calculated iCa and SS values for all calcium salts decreased with increasing sulfate concentration. Thiosulfate had no effect on these parameters. In Model 2, calculated iCa and CaOx SS increased after STS treatment, but CaP SS decreased, perhaps due to a decrease in pH after STS treatment. In confirmatory in vitro experiments supplemental sulfate, but not thiosulfate, significantly increased the calcium needed to achieve the ULM of CaP and tended to increase the oxalate needed to reach the ULM of CaOx. Sulfate also significantly decreased iCa in human urine, while thiosulfate had no effect. CONCLUSION: Increasing urinary sulfate could theoretically reduce CaOx and CaP stone risk. Although STS may reduce CaP stone risk by decreasing urinary pH, it might also paradoxically increase iCa and CaOx SS. As such, STS may not be a viable treatment option for stone disease. DA - 2014 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0103602 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - PLoS One LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2014 T1 - Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones TI - Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15156 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/15156
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103602
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationRodgers A, Gauvin D, Edeh S, Allie-Hamdulay S, Jackson G, Lieske JC. Sulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stones. PLoS One. 2014; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15156.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Chemistryen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_ZA
dc.rights.holder© 2014 Rodgers et alen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_ZA
dc.sourcePLoS Oneen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://journals.plos.org/plosoneen_ZA
dc.subject.otherUrineen_ZA
dc.subject.otherSulfatesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherOxalatesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherThiosulfatesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherIngestionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherExcretionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherKidney stonesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherPhosphatesen_ZA
dc.titleSulfate but not thiosulfate reduces calculated and measured urinary ionized calcium and supersaturation: implications for the treatment of calcium renal stonesen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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