Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora

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dc.contributor.authorWarren, Ben H
dc.contributor.authorBakker, Freek T
dc.contributor.authorBellstedt, Dirk U
dc.contributor.authorBytebier, Benny
dc.contributor.authorClaßen-Bockhoff, Regine
dc.contributor.authorDreyer, Léanne L
dc.contributor.authorEdwards, Dawn
dc.contributor.authorForest, Félix
dc.contributor.authorGalley, Chloé
dc.contributor.authorHardy, Christopher R
dc.contributor.authorLinder, H P
dc.contributor.authorMuasya, A M
dc.contributor.authorMummenhoff, Klaus
dc.contributor.authorOberlander, Kenneth C
dc.contributor.authorQuint, Marcus
dc.contributor.authorRichardson, James E
dc.contributor.authorSavolainen, Vincent
dc.contributor.authorSchrire, Brian D
dc.contributor.authorvan der Niet, Timotheüs
dc.contributor.authorVerboom, G A
dc.contributor.authorYesson, Christopher
dc.contributor.authorHawkins, Julie A
dc.date.accessioned2016-11-10T11:40:18Z
dc.date.available2016-11-10T11:40:18Z
dc.date.issued2011-02-08
dc.date.updated2016-11-04T19:04:17Z
dc.description.abstractBackground: The best documented survival responses of organisms to past climate change on short (glacialinterglacial) timescales are distributional shifts. Despite ample evidence on such timescales for local adaptations of populations at specific sites, the long-term impacts of such changes on evolutionary significant units in response to past climatic change have been little documented. Here we use phylogenies to reconstruct changes in distribution and flowering ecology of the Cape flora - South Africa’s biodiversity hotspot - through a period of past (Neogene and Quaternary) changes in the seasonality of rainfall over a timescale of several million years. Results: Forty-three distributional and phenological shifts consistent with past climatic change occur across the flora, and a comparable number of clades underwent adaptive changes in their flowering phenology (9 clades; half of the clades investigated) as underwent distributional shifts (12 clades; two thirds of the clades investigated). Of extant Cape angiosperm species, 14-41% have been contributed by lineages that show distributional shifts consistent with past climate change, yet a similar proportion (14-55%) arose from lineages that shifted flowering phenology. Conclusions: Adaptive changes in ecology at the scale we uncover in the Cape and consistent with past climatic change have not been documented for other floras. Shifts in climate tolerance appear to have been more important in this flora than is currently appreciated, and lineages that underwent such shifts went on to contribute a high proportion of the flora’s extant species diversity. That shifts in phenology, on an evolutionary timescale and on such a scale, have not yet been detected for other floras is likely a result of the method used; shifts in flowering phenology cannot be detected in the fossil record.
dc.identifier.apacitationWarren, B. H., Bakker, F. T., Bellstedt, D. U., Bytebier, B., Claßen-Bockhoff, R., Dreyer, L. L., ... Hawkins, J. A. (2011). Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22483en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationWarren, Ben H, Freek T Bakker, Dirk U Bellstedt, Benny Bytebier, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff, Léanne L Dreyer, Dawn Edwards, et al "Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora." <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i> (2011) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22483en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationBMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011 Feb 08;11(1):39
dc.identifier.issn1471-2148
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Warren, Ben H AU - Bakker, Freek T AU - Bellstedt, Dirk U AU - Bytebier, Benny AU - Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine AU - Dreyer, Léanne L AU - Edwards, Dawn AU - Forest, Félix AU - Galley, Chloé AU - Hardy, Christopher R AU - Linder, H P AU - Muasya, A M AU - Mummenhoff, Klaus AU - Oberlander, Kenneth C AU - Quint, Marcus AU - Richardson, James E AU - Savolainen, Vincent AU - Schrire, Brian D AU - van der Niet, Timotheüs AU - Verboom, G A AU - Yesson, Christopher AU - Hawkins, Julie A AB - Background: The best documented survival responses of organisms to past climate change on short (glacialinterglacial) timescales are distributional shifts. Despite ample evidence on such timescales for local adaptations of populations at specific sites, the long-term impacts of such changes on evolutionary significant units in response to past climatic change have been little documented. Here we use phylogenies to reconstruct changes in distribution and flowering ecology of the Cape flora - South Africa’s biodiversity hotspot - through a period of past (Neogene and Quaternary) changes in the seasonality of rainfall over a timescale of several million years. Results: Forty-three distributional and phenological shifts consistent with past climatic change occur across the flora, and a comparable number of clades underwent adaptive changes in their flowering phenology (9 clades; half of the clades investigated) as underwent distributional shifts (12 clades; two thirds of the clades investigated). Of extant Cape angiosperm species, 14-41% have been contributed by lineages that show distributional shifts consistent with past climate change, yet a similar proportion (14-55%) arose from lineages that shifted flowering phenology. Conclusions: Adaptive changes in ecology at the scale we uncover in the Cape and consistent with past climatic change have not been documented for other floras. Shifts in climate tolerance appear to have been more important in this flora than is currently appreciated, and lineages that underwent such shifts went on to contribute a high proportion of the flora’s extant species diversity. That shifts in phenology, on an evolutionary timescale and on such a scale, have not yet been detected for other floras is likely a result of the method used; shifts in flowering phenology cannot be detected in the fossil record. DA - 2011-02-08 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1186/1471-2148-11-39 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - BMC Evolutionary Biology LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2011 SM - 1471-2148 T1 - Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora TI - Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22483 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-39
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/22483
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationWarren BH, Bakker FT, Bellstedt DU, Bytebier B, Claßen-Bockhoff R, Dreyer LL, et al. Consistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22483.en_ZA
dc.language.rfc3066en
dc.publisherBioMed Central
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Biological Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)
dc.rights.holderWarren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
dc.sourceBMC Evolutionary Biology
dc.source.urihttp://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/
dc.titleConsistent phenological shifts in the making of a biodiversity hotspot: the Cape flora
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
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