Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon

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dc.contributor.authorJingi, Ahmadou Men_ZA
dc.contributor.authorNoubiap, Jean Jacques Nen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorOnana, Arnold Ewaneen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorNansseu, Jobert Richie Nen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorWang, Binhuanen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKingue, Samuelen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKengne, André Pascalen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2016-01-11T06:56:17Z
dc.date.available2016-01-11T06:56:17Z
dc.date.issued2014en_ZA
dc.description.abstractObjective: To assess the availability and affordability of medicines and routine tests for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in the West region of Cameroon, a low-income setting. METHODS: A survey was conducted on the availability and cost of twelve routine tests and twenty medicines for CVD and diabetes in eight health districts (four urban and four rural) covering over 60% of the population of the region (1.8 million). We analyzed the percentage of tests and medicines available, the median price against the international reference price (median price ratio) for the medicines, and affordability in terms of the number of days' wages it would cost the lowest-paid unskilled government worker for initial investigation tests and procurement for one month of treatment. RESULTS: The availability of tests varied between 10% for the ECG to 100% for the fasting blood sugar. The average cost for the initial investigation using the minimum tests cost 29.76 days' wages. The availability of medicines varied from 36.4% to 59.1% in urban and from 9.1% to 50% in rural settings. Only metformin and benzathine-benzylpenicilline had a median price ratio of ≤1.5, with statins being largely unaffordable (at least 30.51 days' wages). One month of combination treatment for coronary heart disease costs at least 40.87 days' wages. CONCLUSION: The investigation and management of patients with medium-to-high cardiovascular risk remains largely unavailable and unaffordable in this setting. An effective non-communicable disease program should lay emphasis on primary prevention, and improve affordable access to essential medicines in public outlets.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationJingi, A. M., Noubiap, J. J. N., Onana, A. E., Nansseu, J. R. N., Wang, B., Kingue, S., & Kengne, A. P. (2014). Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon. <i>PLoS One</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16314en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationJingi, Ahmadou M, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Arnold Ewane Onana, Jobert Richie N Nansseu, Binhuan Wang, Samuel Kingue, and André Pascal Kengne "Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon." <i>PLoS One</i> (2014) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16314en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationJingi, A. M., Noubiap, J. J., Nansseu, J. R., Wang, B., Kingue, S., & Kengne, A. P. (2013). Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon. PloS one, 9(11), e111812. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111812en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Jingi, Ahmadou M AU - Noubiap, Jean Jacques N AU - Onana, Arnold Ewane AU - Nansseu, Jobert Richie N AU - Wang, Binhuan AU - Kingue, Samuel AU - Kengne, André Pascal AB - Objective: To assess the availability and affordability of medicines and routine tests for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in the West region of Cameroon, a low-income setting. METHODS: A survey was conducted on the availability and cost of twelve routine tests and twenty medicines for CVD and diabetes in eight health districts (four urban and four rural) covering over 60% of the population of the region (1.8 million). We analyzed the percentage of tests and medicines available, the median price against the international reference price (median price ratio) for the medicines, and affordability in terms of the number of days' wages it would cost the lowest-paid unskilled government worker for initial investigation tests and procurement for one month of treatment. RESULTS: The availability of tests varied between 10% for the ECG to 100% for the fasting blood sugar. The average cost for the initial investigation using the minimum tests cost 29.76 days' wages. The availability of medicines varied from 36.4% to 59.1% in urban and from 9.1% to 50% in rural settings. Only metformin and benzathine-benzylpenicilline had a median price ratio of ≤1.5, with statins being largely unaffordable (at least 30.51 days' wages). One month of combination treatment for coronary heart disease costs at least 40.87 days' wages. CONCLUSION: The investigation and management of patients with medium-to-high cardiovascular risk remains largely unavailable and unaffordable in this setting. An effective non-communicable disease program should lay emphasis on primary prevention, and improve affordable access to essential medicines in public outlets. DA - 2014 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0111812 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - PLoS One LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2014 T1 - Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon TI - Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16314 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/16314
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111812
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationJingi AM, Noubiap JJN, Onana AE, Nansseu JRN, Wang B, Kingue S, et al. Access to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroon. PLoS One. 2014; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16314.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Medicineen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a href=en_ZA
dc.rights.holder© 2014 Jingi et alen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_ZA
dc.sourcePLoS Oneen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://journals.plos.org/plosoneen_ZA
dc.subject.otherSalariesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDiabetes mellitusen_ZA
dc.subject.otherCardiovascular diseasesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDrugsen_ZA
dc.subject.otherCardiologyen_ZA
dc.subject.otherBlood sugaren_ZA
dc.subject.otherCameroonen_ZA
dc.subject.otherHealth insuranceen_ZA
dc.titleAccess to diagnostic tests and essential medicines for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes care: cost, availability and affordability in the west region of Cameroonen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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