Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission

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dc.contributor.authorRichardson, Eugene Ten_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMorrow, Carl Den_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKalil, Darryl Ben_ZA
dc.contributor.authorBekker, Linda-Gailen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorWood, Robinen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-11-23T12:31:14Z
dc.date.available2015-11-23T12:31:14Z
dc.date.issued2014en_ZA
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND: Despite an improvement in the overall TB cure rate from 40-74% between 1995 and 2011, TB incidence in South Africa continues to increase. The epidemic is notably disquieting in schools because the vulnerable population is compelled to be present. Older learners (age 15-19) are at particular risk given a smear-positive rate of 427 per 100,000 per year and the significant amount of time they spend indoors. High schools are therefore important locations for potential TB infection and thus prevention efforts. Methods and FINDINGS: Using portable carbon dioxide monitors, we measured CO 2 in classrooms under non-steady state conditions. The threshold for tuberculosis transmission was estimated using a carbon dioxide-based risk equation. We determined a critical rebreathed fraction of carbon dioxide ( ) of 1·6%, which correlates with an indoor CO 2 concentration of 1000 ppm. These values correspond with a ventilation rate of 8·6 l/s per person or 12 air exchanges per hour (ACH) for standard classrooms of 180 m 3 . CONCLUSIONS: Given the high smear positive rate of high-school adolescents in South Africa, the proposal to achieve CO 2 levels of 1000ppm through natural ventilation (in the amount 12 ACH) will not only help achieve WHO guidelines for providing children with healthy indoor environments, it will also provide a low-cost intervention for helping control the TB epidemic in areas of high prevalence.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationRichardson, E. T., Morrow, C. D., Kalil, D. B., Bekker, L., & Wood, R. (2014). Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission. <i>PLoS One</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15310en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationRichardson, Eugene T, Carl D Morrow, Darryl B Kalil, Linda-Gail Bekker, and Robin Wood "Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission." <i>PLoS One</i> (2014) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15310en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationRichardson, E. T., Morrow, C. D., Kalil, D. B., Bekker, L. G., & Wood, R. (2013). Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission. PloS one, 9(5), e96334. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096334en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Richardson, Eugene T AU - Morrow, Carl D AU - Kalil, Darryl B AU - Bekker, Linda-Gail AU - Wood, Robin AB - BACKGROUND: Despite an improvement in the overall TB cure rate from 40-74% between 1995 and 2011, TB incidence in South Africa continues to increase. The epidemic is notably disquieting in schools because the vulnerable population is compelled to be present. Older learners (age 15-19) are at particular risk given a smear-positive rate of 427 per 100,000 per year and the significant amount of time they spend indoors. High schools are therefore important locations for potential TB infection and thus prevention efforts. Methods and FINDINGS: Using portable carbon dioxide monitors, we measured CO 2 in classrooms under non-steady state conditions. The threshold for tuberculosis transmission was estimated using a carbon dioxide-based risk equation. We determined a critical rebreathed fraction of carbon dioxide ( ) of 1·6%, which correlates with an indoor CO 2 concentration of 1000 ppm. These values correspond with a ventilation rate of 8·6 l/s per person or 12 air exchanges per hour (ACH) for standard classrooms of 180 m 3 . CONCLUSIONS: Given the high smear positive rate of high-school adolescents in South Africa, the proposal to achieve CO 2 levels of 1000ppm through natural ventilation (in the amount 12 ACH) will not only help achieve WHO guidelines for providing children with healthy indoor environments, it will also provide a low-cost intervention for helping control the TB epidemic in areas of high prevalence. DA - 2014 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0096334 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - PLoS One LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2014 T1 - Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission TI - Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15310 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/15310
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096334
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationRichardson ET, Morrow CD, Kalil DB, Bekker L, Wood R. Shared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmission. PLoS One. 2014; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15310.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentInstitute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicineen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_ZA
dc.rights.holder© 2014 Richardson et alen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_ZA
dc.sourcePLoS Oneen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://journals.plos.org/plosoneen_ZA
dc.subject.otherCarbon dioxideen_ZA
dc.subject.otherTuberculosisen_ZA
dc.subject.otherSchoolsen_ZA
dc.subject.otherSouth Africaen_ZA
dc.subject.otherTuberculosis drug discoveryen_ZA
dc.subject.otherMeasurement equipmenten_ZA
dc.subject.otherEnvironmental healthen_ZA
dc.subject.otherHIV epidemiologyen_ZA
dc.titleShared air: a renewed focus on ventilation for the prevention of tuberculosis transmissionen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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