Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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dc.contributor.authorRussell, Vivienneen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorSagvolden, Terjeen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorJohansen, Espenen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-10-12T10:59:32Z
dc.date.available2015-10-12T10:59:32Z
dc.date.issued2005en_ZA
dc.description.abstractAlthough animals cannot be used to study complex human behaviour such as language, they do have similar basic functions. In fact, human disorders that have animal models are better understood than disorders that do not. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder. The relatively simple nervous systems of rodent models have enabled identification of neurobiological changes that underlie certain aspects of ADHD behaviour. Several animal models of ADHD suggest that the dopaminergic system is functionally impaired. Some animal models have decreased extracellular dopamine concentrations and upregulated postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptors (DRD1) while others have increased extracellular dopamine concentrations. In the latter case, dopamine pathways are suggested to be hyperactive. However, stimulus-evoked release of dopamine is often decreased in these models, which is consistent with impaired dopamine transmission. It is possible that the behavioural characteristics of ADHD result from impaired dopamine modulation of neurotransmission in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the noradrenergic system is poorly controlled by hypofunctional alpha2-autoreceptors in some models, giving rise to inappropriately increased release of norepinephrine. Aspects of ADHD behaviour may result from an imbalance between increased noradrenergic and decreased dopaminergic regulation of neural circuits that involve the prefrontal cortex. Animal models of ADHD also suggest that neural circuits may be altered in the brains of children with ADHD. It is therefore of particular importance to study animal models of the disorder and not normal animals. Evidence obtained from animal models suggests that psychostimulants may not be acting on the dopamine transporter to produce the expected increase in extracellular dopamine concentration in ADHD. There is evidence to suggest that psychostimulants may decrease motor activity by increasing serotonin levels. In addition to providing unique insights into the neurobiology of ADHD, animal models are also being used to test new drugs that can be used to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationRussell, V., Sagvolden, T., & Johansen, E. (2005). Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. <i>Behavioral and Brain Functions</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14202en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationRussell, Vivienne, Terje Sagvolden, and Espen Johansen "Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." <i>Behavioral and Brain Functions</i> (2005) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14202en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationRussell, V. A., Sagvolden, T., & Johansen, E. B. (2005). Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral and Brain functions, 1(1), 9.en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Russell, Vivienne AU - Sagvolden, Terje AU - Johansen, Espen AB - Although animals cannot be used to study complex human behaviour such as language, they do have similar basic functions. In fact, human disorders that have animal models are better understood than disorders that do not. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder. The relatively simple nervous systems of rodent models have enabled identification of neurobiological changes that underlie certain aspects of ADHD behaviour. Several animal models of ADHD suggest that the dopaminergic system is functionally impaired. Some animal models have decreased extracellular dopamine concentrations and upregulated postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptors (DRD1) while others have increased extracellular dopamine concentrations. In the latter case, dopamine pathways are suggested to be hyperactive. However, stimulus-evoked release of dopamine is often decreased in these models, which is consistent with impaired dopamine transmission. It is possible that the behavioural characteristics of ADHD result from impaired dopamine modulation of neurotransmission in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the noradrenergic system is poorly controlled by hypofunctional alpha2-autoreceptors in some models, giving rise to inappropriately increased release of norepinephrine. Aspects of ADHD behaviour may result from an imbalance between increased noradrenergic and decreased dopaminergic regulation of neural circuits that involve the prefrontal cortex. Animal models of ADHD also suggest that neural circuits may be altered in the brains of children with ADHD. It is therefore of particular importance to study animal models of the disorder and not normal animals. Evidence obtained from animal models suggests that psychostimulants may not be acting on the dopamine transporter to produce the expected increase in extracellular dopamine concentration in ADHD. There is evidence to suggest that psychostimulants may decrease motor activity by increasing serotonin levels. In addition to providing unique insights into the neurobiology of ADHD, animal models are also being used to test new drugs that can be used to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD. DA - 2005 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1186/1744-9081-1-9 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - Behavioral and Brain Functions LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2005 T1 - Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder TI - Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14202 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/14202
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-1-9
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationRussell V, Sagvolden T, Johansen E. Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2005; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14202.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherBioMed Central Ltden_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Human Biologyen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licenseen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0en_ZA
dc.sourceBehavioral and Brain Functionsen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/en_ZA
dc.subject.otherattention-deficit hyperactivity disorderen_ZA
dc.titleAnimal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorderen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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