Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context

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dc.contributor.authorMaunder, Eleni M Wen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorNel, Johanna Hen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorSteyn, Nelia Pen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorKruger, H Salomeen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorLabadarios, Demetreen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-12-20T16:02:45Z
dc.date.available2015-12-20T16:02:45Z
dc.date.issued2015en_ZA
dc.description.abstractObjective The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between added sugar and dietary diversity, micronutrient intakes and anthropometric status in a nationally representative study of children, 1-8.9 years of age in South Africa. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a national survey of children (weighted n = 2,200; non weighted n = 2818) was undertaken. Validated 24-hour recalls of children were collected from mothers/caregivers and stratified into quartiles of percentage energy from added sugar (% EAS). A dietary diversity score (DDS) using 9 food groups, a food variety score (FVS) of individual food items, and a mean adequacy ratio (MAR) based on 11 micronutrients were calculated. The prevalence of stunting and overweight/obesity was also determined. RESULTS: Added sugar intake varied from 7.5-10.3% of energy intake for rural and urban areas, respectively. Mean added sugar intake ranged from 1.0% of energy intake in Quartile 1 (1-3 years) (Q1) to 19.3% in Q4 (4-8 years). Main sources of added sugar were white sugar (60.1%), cool drinks (squash type) (10.4%) and carbonated cool drinks (6.0%). Added sugar intake, correlated positively with most micronutrient intakes, DDS, FVS, and MAR. Significant negative partial correlations, adjusted for energy intake, were found between added sugar intake and intakes of protein, fibre, thiamin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin E, calcium (1-3 years), phosphorus, iron (4-8 years), magnesium and zinc. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in children aged 4-8 years in Q4 of %EAS than in other quartiles [mean (95%CI) % prevalence overweight 23.0 (16.2-29.8)% in Q4 compared to 13.0 (8.7-17.3)% in Q1, p = 0.0063]. CONCLUSION: Although DDS, FVS, MAR and micronutrient intakes were positively correlated with added sugar intakes, overall negative associations between micronutrients and added sugar intakes, adjusted for dietary energy, indicate micronutrient dilution. Overweight/obesity was increased with higher added sugar intakes in the 4-8 year old children.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationMaunder, E. M. W., Nel, J. H., Steyn, N. P., Kruger, H. S., & Labadarios, D. (2015). Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context. <i>PLoS One</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15907en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationMaunder, Eleni M W, Johanna H Nel, Nelia P Steyn, H Salome Kruger, and Demetre Labadarios "Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context." <i>PLoS One</i> (2015) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15907en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationMaunder, E. M., Nel, J. H., Steyn, N. P., Kruger, H. S., & Labadarios, D. (2015). Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context. PloS one, 10(11), e0142059. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142059en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Maunder, Eleni M W AU - Nel, Johanna H AU - Steyn, Nelia P AU - Kruger, H Salome AU - Labadarios, Demetre AB - Objective The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between added sugar and dietary diversity, micronutrient intakes and anthropometric status in a nationally representative study of children, 1-8.9 years of age in South Africa. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a national survey of children (weighted n = 2,200; non weighted n = 2818) was undertaken. Validated 24-hour recalls of children were collected from mothers/caregivers and stratified into quartiles of percentage energy from added sugar (% EAS). A dietary diversity score (DDS) using 9 food groups, a food variety score (FVS) of individual food items, and a mean adequacy ratio (MAR) based on 11 micronutrients were calculated. The prevalence of stunting and overweight/obesity was also determined. RESULTS: Added sugar intake varied from 7.5-10.3% of energy intake for rural and urban areas, respectively. Mean added sugar intake ranged from 1.0% of energy intake in Quartile 1 (1-3 years) (Q1) to 19.3% in Q4 (4-8 years). Main sources of added sugar were white sugar (60.1%), cool drinks (squash type) (10.4%) and carbonated cool drinks (6.0%). Added sugar intake, correlated positively with most micronutrient intakes, DDS, FVS, and MAR. Significant negative partial correlations, adjusted for energy intake, were found between added sugar intake and intakes of protein, fibre, thiamin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin E, calcium (1-3 years), phosphorus, iron (4-8 years), magnesium and zinc. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in children aged 4-8 years in Q4 of %EAS than in other quartiles [mean (95%CI) % prevalence overweight 23.0 (16.2-29.8)% in Q4 compared to 13.0 (8.7-17.3)% in Q1, p = 0.0063]. CONCLUSION: Although DDS, FVS, MAR and micronutrient intakes were positively correlated with added sugar intakes, overall negative associations between micronutrients and added sugar intakes, adjusted for dietary energy, indicate micronutrient dilution. Overweight/obesity was increased with higher added sugar intakes in the 4-8 year old children. DA - 2015 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0142059 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - PLoS One LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2015 T1 - Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context TI - Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15907 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/15907
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142059
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationMaunder EMW, Nel JH, Steyn NP, Kruger HS, Labadarios D. Added sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world context. PLoS One. 2015; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15907.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDivision of Human Nutritionen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_ZA
dc.rights.holder© 2015 Maunder et alen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_ZA
dc.sourcePLoS Oneen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://journals.plos.org/plosoneen_ZA
dc.subject.otherChildrenen_ZA
dc.subject.otherChildhood obesityen_ZA
dc.subject.otherFood consumptionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherFooden_ZA
dc.subject.otherCarbohydratesen_ZA
dc.subject.otherNutrientsen_ZA
dc.subject.otherAge groupsen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDieten_ZA
dc.titleAdded sugar, macro-and micronutrient intakes and anthropometry of children in a developing world contexten_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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