The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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dc.contributor.authorLimakatso, Katleho
dc.contributor.authorBedwell, Gillian J
dc.contributor.authorMadden, Victoria J
dc.contributor.authorParker, Romy
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-15T11:04:28Z
dc.date.available2022-03-15T11:04:28Z
dc.date.issued2020-10-14
dc.description.abstractBackground: Phantom limb pain (PLP)-pain felt in the amputated limb-is often accompanied by significant suffering. Estimates of the burden of PLP have provided conflicting data. To obtain a robust estimate of the burden of PLP, we gathered and critically appraised the literature on the prevalence and risk factors associated with PLP in people with limb amputations. Methods: Articles published between 1980 and July 2019 were identified through a systematic search of the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Africa-Wide Information, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Academic Search Premier. Grey literature was searched on databases for preprints. Two reviewers independently conducted the screening of articles, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. The meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. A statistically significant level for the analyses was set at p<0.05. Results: The pooling of all studies demonstrated a prevalence estimate of 64% [95% CI: 60.01-68.05] with high heterogeneity [I2 = 95.95% (95% CI: 95.10-96.60)]. The prevalence of PLP was significantly lower in developing countries compared to developed countries [53.98% vs 66.55%; p = 0.03]. Persistent pre-operative pain, proximal site of amputation, stump pain, lower limb amputation and phantom sensations were identified as risk factors for PLP. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis estimates that six of every 10 people with an amputation report PLP-a high and important prevalence of PLP. Healthcare professionals ought to be aware of the high rates of PLP and implement strategies to reduce PLP by addressing known risk factors, specifically those identified by the current study.en_US
dc.identifier.apacitationLimakatso, K., Bedwell, G. J., Madden, V. J., & Parker, R. (2020). The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>PLOSONE</i>, 15(10), e0240431. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/36086en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationLimakatso, Katleho, Gillian J Bedwell, Victoria J Madden, and Romy Parker "The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis." <i>PLOSONE</i> 15, 10. (2020): e0240431. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/36086en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationLimakatso, K., Bedwell, G.J., Madden, V.J. & Parker, R. 2020. The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>PLOSONE.</i> 15(10):e0240431. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/36086en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Limakatso, Katleho AU - Bedwell, Gillian J AU - Madden, Victoria J AU - Parker, Romy AB - Background: Phantom limb pain (PLP)-pain felt in the amputated limb-is often accompanied by significant suffering. Estimates of the burden of PLP have provided conflicting data. To obtain a robust estimate of the burden of PLP, we gathered and critically appraised the literature on the prevalence and risk factors associated with PLP in people with limb amputations. Methods: Articles published between 1980 and July 2019 were identified through a systematic search of the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Africa-Wide Information, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Academic Search Premier. Grey literature was searched on databases for preprints. Two reviewers independently conducted the screening of articles, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. The meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. A statistically significant level for the analyses was set at p<0.05. Results: The pooling of all studies demonstrated a prevalence estimate of 64% [95% CI: 60.01-68.05] with high heterogeneity [I2 = 95.95% (95% CI: 95.10-96.60)]. The prevalence of PLP was significantly lower in developing countries compared to developed countries [53.98% vs 66.55%; p = 0.03]. Persistent pre-operative pain, proximal site of amputation, stump pain, lower limb amputation and phantom sensations were identified as risk factors for PLP. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis estimates that six of every 10 people with an amputation report PLP-a high and important prevalence of PLP. Healthcare professionals ought to be aware of the high rates of PLP and implement strategies to reduce PLP by addressing known risk factors, specifically those identified by the current study. DA - 2020-10-14 DB - OpenUCT DP - University of Cape Town IS - 10 J1 - PLOSONE KW - Phantom limb pain; prevalence; risk factors LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PY - 2020 T1 - The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis TI - The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/36086 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.uri10.1371/journal.pone.0240431
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/36086
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationLimakatso K, Bedwell GJ, Madden VJ, Parker R. The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOSONE. 2020;15(10):e0240431. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/36086.en_ZA
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisher.departmentDepartment of Anaesthesiaen_US
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_US
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_US
dc.sourcePLOSONEen_US
dc.source.journalissue10en_US
dc.source.journalvolume15en_US
dc.source.paginatione0240431en_US
dc.subjectPhantom limb pain; prevalence; risk factorsen_US
dc.titleThe prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysisen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
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