Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach

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dc.contributor.authorOkpechi, Ikechi Garethen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorChukwuonye, Innocent Ijezieen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorTiffin, Nickien_ZA
dc.contributor.authorMadukwe, Okechukwu Ojoemelamen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorOnyeonoro, Ugochukwu Uchennaen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorUmeizudike, Theophilus Ifeanyichukwuen_ZA
dc.contributor.authorOgah, Okechukwu Samuelen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2015-12-28T06:45:00Z
dc.date.available2015-12-28T06:45:00Z
dc.date.issued2013en_ZA
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND: Developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face a double burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases. As high blood pressure (BP) is a common global cardiovascular (CV) disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality, the relationship between gradients of BP and other CV risk factors was assessed in Abia State, Nigeria. METHODS: Using the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Abia state, Nigeria from August 2011 to March 2012. Data collected at various steps included: demographic and behavioral risk factors (Step 1); BP and anthropometric measurements (Step 2), and fasting blood cholesterol and glucose (Step 3). RESULTS: Of the 2983 subjects with complete data for analysis, 52.1% were females and 53.2% were rural dwellers. Overall, the distribution of selected CV disease risk factors was diabetes (3.6%), hypertension (31.4%), cigarette smoking (13.3%), use of smokeless tobacco (4.8%), physical inactivity (64.2%) and being overweight or obese (33.7%). Presence of hypertension, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking (cigarette and smokeless tobacco) and physical inactivity occurred more frequently in males than in females (p<0.05); while low income, lack of any formal education and use of smokeless tobacco were seen more frequently in rural dwellers than in those living in urban areas (p<0.05). The frequency of selected CV risk factors increased as BP was graded from optimal, normal to hypertension; and high BP correlated with age, gender, smokeless tobacco, overweight or obesity, annual income and level of education. CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of hypertension in this part of Nigeria, there is an urgent need to focus on the reduction of preventable CV risk factors we have observed to be associated with hypertension, in order to effectively reduce the burden of NCDs in Africa.en_ZA
dc.identifier.apacitationOkpechi, I. G., Chukwuonye, I. I., Tiffin, N., Madukwe, O. O., Onyeonoro, U. U., Umeizudike, T. I., & Ogah, O. S. (2013). Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach. <i>PLoS One</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16016en_ZA
dc.identifier.chicagocitationOkpechi, Ikechi Gareth, Innocent Ijezie Chukwuonye, Nicki Tiffin, Okechukwu Ojoemelam Madukwe, Ugochukwu Uchenna Onyeonoro, Theophilus Ifeanyichukwu Umeizudike, and Okechukwu Samuel Ogah "Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach." <i>PLoS One</i> (2013) http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16016en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationOkpechi, I. G., Chukwuonye, I. I., Tiffin, N., Madukwe, O. O., Onyeonoro, U. U., Umeizudike, T. I., & Ogah, O. S. (2013). Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach. PloS one, 8(9), e73403. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073403en_ZA
dc.identifier.ris TY - Journal Article AU - Okpechi, Ikechi Gareth AU - Chukwuonye, Innocent Ijezie AU - Tiffin, Nicki AU - Madukwe, Okechukwu Ojoemelam AU - Onyeonoro, Ugochukwu Uchenna AU - Umeizudike, Theophilus Ifeanyichukwu AU - Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel AB - BACKGROUND: Developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face a double burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases. As high blood pressure (BP) is a common global cardiovascular (CV) disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality, the relationship between gradients of BP and other CV risk factors was assessed in Abia State, Nigeria. METHODS: Using the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Abia state, Nigeria from August 2011 to March 2012. Data collected at various steps included: demographic and behavioral risk factors (Step 1); BP and anthropometric measurements (Step 2), and fasting blood cholesterol and glucose (Step 3). RESULTS: Of the 2983 subjects with complete data for analysis, 52.1% were females and 53.2% were rural dwellers. Overall, the distribution of selected CV disease risk factors was diabetes (3.6%), hypertension (31.4%), cigarette smoking (13.3%), use of smokeless tobacco (4.8%), physical inactivity (64.2%) and being overweight or obese (33.7%). Presence of hypertension, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking (cigarette and smokeless tobacco) and physical inactivity occurred more frequently in males than in females (p<0.05); while low income, lack of any formal education and use of smokeless tobacco were seen more frequently in rural dwellers than in those living in urban areas (p<0.05). The frequency of selected CV risk factors increased as BP was graded from optimal, normal to hypertension; and high BP correlated with age, gender, smokeless tobacco, overweight or obesity, annual income and level of education. CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of hypertension in this part of Nigeria, there is an urgent need to focus on the reduction of preventable CV risk factors we have observed to be associated with hypertension, in order to effectively reduce the burden of NCDs in Africa. DA - 2013 DB - OpenUCT DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0073403 DP - University of Cape Town J1 - PLoS One LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PB - University of Cape Town PY - 2013 T1 - Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach TI - Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16016 ER - en_ZA
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11427/16016
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073403
dc.identifier.vancouvercitationOkpechi IG, Chukwuonye II, Tiffin N, Madukwe OO, Onyeonoro UU, Umeizudike TI, et al. Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach. PLoS One. 2013; http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16016.en_ZA
dc.language.isoengen_ZA
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_ZA
dc.publisher.departmentDivision of Nephrology and Hypertensionen_ZA
dc.publisher.facultyFaculty of Health Sciencesen_ZA
dc.publisher.institutionUniversity of Cape Town
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_ZA
dc.rights.holder© 2013 Okpechi et alen_ZA
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0en_ZA
dc.sourcePLoS Oneen_ZA
dc.source.urihttp://journals.plos.org/plosoneen_ZA
dc.subject.otherHypertensionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherNigeriaen_ZA
dc.subject.otherBlood pressureen_ZA
dc.subject.otherObesityen_ZA
dc.subject.otherAlcohol consumptionen_ZA
dc.subject.otherDiabetes mellitusen_ZA
dc.subject.otherHealth risk analysisen_ZA
dc.subject.otherSmoking habitsen_ZA
dc.titleBlood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approachen_ZA
dc.typeJournal Articleen_ZA
uct.type.filetypeText
uct.type.filetypeImage
uct.type.publicationResearchen_ZA
uct.type.resourceArticleen_ZA
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