Browsing by Subject "prevalence"
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- ItemOpen AccessChildhood Asthma(South African Academy of Family Physicians, 2011) Levin, M; Weinberg, EAsthma is the most common chronic disease of South African children, affecting growth and development and quality of life. Features supporting the diagnosis are a family or personal history of atopy, night cough, exercise-induced cough and/or wheeze and seasonal variation in symptoms. Asthma is on the increase in both developed and developing countries, in both rural and urban communities. The first part of this series aims to give a brief overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of childhood asthma.
- ItemOpen AccessExtensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Africa: prevalence and factors associated: a systematic review and meta-analysis(2019) Kosmas, Petrus Ndiiluka; Ncayiyana, Jabulani; Engel, Mark E.Background: There is a dearth of information regarding prevalence of extensively drugresistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in Africa. Although countries in Africa conduct national tuberculosis surveys on a regular basis, this information has not been systematically reviewed to ascertain the overall prevalence of XDR-TB in Africa. Methods: The study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and factors associated with prevalence of pulmonary XDR-TB among adults in Africa. Eligible studies, published between 2006 and 2018, were sourced from various electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA (version 14.2) statistical software. The protocol of this review was registered with PROSPERO, reg No CRD42018117037. Result: A total of 6242 records were retrieved. Forty-eight studies were screened for eligibility and seven, which varied in terms of country setting and study design, were included. The prevalence of XDR-TB is 4% (95%CI 2-7) among participants tested for second-line anti-TB drug resistance, and 3% (95%1-6) among participants with drug resistant TB. The prevalence of XDR-TB was 7% (95%CI 1-18) among participants with MDR-TB. A few studies reported on the factors associated with the prevalence of XDR-TB. Discussion: The reported prevalence of XDR-TB among participants tested for second-line anti-TB drug resistance is low compared to WHO estimates. The systematic review underscores a dearth of studies depicting the reality regarding the prevalence of XDR-TB in Africa. Policymakers and stakeholders interested in drug-resistant TB should apply prudence when considering XDR-TB prevalence reported for Africa.
- ItemOpen AccessPrevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in 1825 Cape Town Primary Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022-03-16) Middelkoop, Keren; Walker, Neil; Stewart, Justine; Delport, Carmen; Jolliffe, David A.; Nuttall, James; Coussens, Anna K.; Naude, Celeste E.; Tang, Jonathan C. Y.; Fraser, William D.; Wilkinson, Robert J.; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Martineau, Adrian R.Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D] <50 nmol/L) is common among adults in Cape Town, South Africa, but studies investigating vitamin D status of children in this setting are lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in 1825 Cape Town schoolchildren aged 6–11 years. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 7.6% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 6.5% to 8.9%). Determinants of vitamin D deficiency included month of sampling (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for July–September vs. January–March 10.69, 95% CI 5.02 to 22.77; aOR for October–December vs. January–March 6.73, 95% CI 2.82 to 16.08), older age (aOR 1.25 per increasing year, 95% CI: 1.01–1.53) and higher body mass index (BMI; aOR 1.24 per unit increase in BMI-for-age Z-score, 95% CI: 1.03–1.49). In a subset of 370 participants in whom parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were measured; these were inversely related to serum 25(OH)D concentrations (p < 0.001). However, no association between participants with hyperparathyroidism (PTH >6.9 pmol/L) and vitamin D deficiency was seen (p = 0.42). In conclusion, we report that season is the major determinant of vitamin D status among Cape Town primary schoolchildren, with prevalence of vitamin D deficiency ranging from 1.4% in January–March to 22.8% in July–September.
- ItemOpen AccessSocio-epidemiological Aspects of Respiratory Allergic Diseases in Southern Africa(BioMed Central, 2012-01-13) Taborda-Barata, LuÃs; Potter, Paul CThe prevalence of respiratory allergic diseases has been increasing in Southern Africa both in urban and in rural environments. Various factors may contribute toward this situation, namely, exposure to aeroallergens, such as grass pollens and house dust mites. However, other irritant environmental triggers, such as exposure to tobacco smoke and certain indoor and outdoor fumes, may also play a relevant part. Furthermore, certain parasitic and mycobacterial infections may act as allergic disease risk modifiers, although such an influence should be confirmed. Finally, certain cultural and socioeconomic factors may also influence accessibility to healthcare and adherence to treatment of these diseases.
- ItemOpen AccessSocio-epidemiological aspects of respiratory allergic diseases in Southern Africa(BioMed Central Ltd, 2012) Taborda-Barata, Luis; Potter, Paul CThe prevalence of respiratory allergic diseases has been increasing in Southern Africa both in urban and in rural environments. Various factors may contribute toward this situation, namely, exposure to aeroallergens, such as grass pollens and house dust mites. However, other irritant environmental triggers, such as exposure to tobacco smoke and certain indoor and outdoor fumes, may also play a relevant part. Furthermore, certain parasitic and mycobacterial infections may act as allergic disease risk modifiers, although such an influence should be confirmed. Finally, certain cultural and socioeconomic factors may also influence accessibility to healthcare and adherence to treatment of these diseases.
- ItemOpen AccessThe Epidemiology of Auditory Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Adults in Africa: 4 A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis(2022) Fihla, Achuma; Engel, Mark; Petersen, Lucretia; Hohlfeld, AmeerBackground: There is a growing rate of diabetes related hearing loss (HL) worldwide. However, in under-developed countries, HL is still under-recognised as a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although Africa presents a significant rise in T2DM every year, it is met with limited resources to assist its growing and ageing population. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis brings awareness to diabetes-related HL in the form of reliable medical evidence measuring the prevalence of T2DM-related HL in an African population. Methods: Studies were screened using Rayyan QCRI. STATA software and the random-effects metaanalysis model was used to aggregate prevalence estimates with a 95% confidence interval. The Freeman Tukey Transformation was used to account for between study variability. The study protocol is published in PROSPERO international Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number CRD42021227801). Results: We identified a total of 99 studies, 14 duplicates were removed and 67 were excluded. After full review only five studies were included for quantitative synthesis. All the studied were crosssectional and used purposive sampling as their recruitment method. Conclusions: Findings show most participants with T2DM experienced mild HL and slight delays in objective hearing assessments. Audiometric resources and qualified Audiologists are scarce in Africa. Therefore, the available evidence does not justify the added costs needed for routine audiometric assessments for patients with T2DM. However, it does serve to recommend prioritising further research regarding risk factors associated with developing auditory disorders in people with T2DM.