Browsing by Subject "Eskom"

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    Development of a specialised test rig for assessing the efficiency of large industrial induction machines
    (2017) Kinyua, Jamlick Murimi; Khan, Azeem; Barendse, Paul
    This thesis critically scrutinizes the application of international testing standards for estimation of induction machine efficiency in South Africa (SA) and across the globe. Approximately 60% of the electrical consumption in SA is utilised by motorised systems. The need for optimization of efficiency is on the rise due to the crisis not only in South Africa but in the whole world. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) applications are emphasised to increase machine efficiency. Most of the industries use induction machines without clear knowledge of how efficient they are. Eskom Demand Side management (DSM) embarked on strategies that would reduce the demand on electrical energy through optimization of electrical machines. Since most of the low voltage (LV) motors in the country are imported from different countries/nations, there is a clear need to quantify the efficiency of these machines. However, few facilities exist to test the efficiency of the machines in respect of the high use of IM in the mining industries. This has raised the need to develop a flexible specialised test rig that conforms to the requirements of international testing standards. Furthermore; there are different methods of assessing the efficiency of induction machines, for example, the IEEE 112-B method which requires the use of a dynamometer as the load machine. Numerous tests need to be performed to assess the efficiency of induction machines. In most cases, the manufacturer of the machines quotes the efficiency, but in some instances, the difference between the laboratory results and the efficiency on the nameplate is observed. The proposed test bed can evaluate various industrial loads. Various induction machines (IMs) ranging from 37kW to 75kW were analyzed and therefore the test bed developed is very flexible to accommodate a wide range of industrial IMs. The Active Front End (AFE) which has regenerative capability was utilized. When the quasi equilibrium state is reached, the AFE draws only the inherent losses in the entire system from the supply. Consequently, the excess energy generated by the system is fed back to the utility supply. After the process of developing and implementation of a test bed for evaluating the efficiency of motor drives, the test begins with a steady state analysis of efficiency over a wide range of output torque, speed and loading. Together, the dynamic and steady state provide a realistic assessment of the performance of the industrial motor drive. In addition to the estimation of efficiency, the error analysis due to the instrumentation used was also investigated. This study also included the quantification of error and the analysis of uncertainty associated with the methods of estimating the efficiency of induction machines. This rig was designed economically for a continuous and reliable operation. Safety to equipment and personnel conducting the tests was emphasized. The ease of operation and maintenance with minimum power loss, mechanical protection of the equipment, interchangeability of the motors and load variation was critically observed.
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    Low load operation of turbine-driven boiler feed pumps
    (2019) Clark, John Shaun; Fuls, Wim
    Boiler feed pump turbines (BFPTs) are in use at a number of Eskom power stations. They utilise bled steam extracted from the main turbine in order to drive multistage centrifugal pumps which supply the boilers with feedwater. With an increase of renewables in the energy mix, the need for Eskom’s coal-fired power stations to run for extended periods at very low loads has arguably never been this great. Various systems affect the ability of these generation units to run economically at low loads. One such system is the boiler feed pump turbine and its associated pumps. A station was selected from Eskom’s fleet based on access to information and the station being a relatively typical plant. The Unit (a boiler and turbogenerator set) selected for study was one with the most thorough instrumentation available for remote monitoring. The BFPT system of this Unit was modelled in Flownex, a one-dimensional thermofluid process modelling package. The model included individual pump stages, steam admission valves and a stage-by-stage turbine model utilising custom stage components. These turbine stage components represent each stage with nozzles and other standard Flownex components. The boundary conditions of the system were set as functions of generator load in order to represent typical values for use in case studies. The relationships between load and boundary conditions were based on large samples of data from the station’s data capture system (DCS). A corresponding standby electric feed pump system was also modelled in Flownex for a comparative case study. After model validation, a number of case studies were performed, demonstrating the functionality of the model and also providing specific results of value to the station in question. These results include the minimum generator load possible with different steam supplies; maximum condenser back pressure before plant availability is affected; the viability of changing the pump leak-off philosophy; and the effect of electric feed pump use on power consumption. The main recommendations from the case studies were as follows: i. to stroke the steam admission valves as per the design charts, ii. to test the operation of the BFPT down to 40 % generator load, iii. to keep the pump leak-off philosophy unchanged, iv. to maintain the cooling water system and condensers sufficiently to avoid poor condenser vacuum, v. to reconsider the decommissioning of the “cold reheat” steam supply, vi. and, to favour use of the BFPT over the electric feed pumps at all generator loads.
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    Thermal modelling of feedwater heaters
    (2016) Allie, Mohammed Nazier; Fuls, Wim; Du Preez, Francois
    Manufacturers of feedwater heaters (FWHs) are obliged to disclose a specification sheet to the client that describes their FWH design. However, the client is unable to verify the performance of this FWH design without comparing it to the results that are predicted by a thermal model. An additional limitation is that the manufacturer will only disclose the minimum number of design parameters. The purpose of this study was to develop a thermal model that can predict the performance of a FWH. The model requires the minimum design input data to predict the performance parameters that may be compared to values predicted by the vendor. A FWH in a regenerative water-steam Rankine cycle achieves heat transfer to the feedwater by condensing steam on the shell side. This is called a single zone FWH. The tube plate type FWH is the most common type of FWH referenced in literature but the following variations may exist: • The Eskom fleet consist of both tube plate and header type FWHs. • FWHs may be orientated vertically or horizontally. Internal shrouded regions, that define it as a 2 or 3 zone FWH, may be present in the FWH. The length of the drains cooler (DC) zone may either be identified as long or short. A general model was required to capture all these design variations. Plant visits were arranged with engineers at several power stations to obtain the minimum input data and to confirm that these FWH design variations existed within the Eskom fleet. The model was based on existing tube plate models found in literature. It was then extended to accommodate the FWH variations mentioned above. A further improvement was made by including an additional heat transfer sub-zone that removes excess superheat in the condensing (COND) zone. The vendor does not disclose the correlations used to predict the film heat transfer coefficients (h) in their design. Therefore, the user is granted the option of selecting a correlation from a list of popular correlations, specific to a heat transfer mode. Note that the uncertainty associated with this thermal model is affected by the uncertainty of each correlation selected in the model.