Browsing by Subject "Australia"
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- ItemOpen AccessA Customary Insurance Law?(Juta, 2017-08-01) Hutchison, AndrewThis article will explore risk spreading practices in the so-called ‘popular economy’ in South Africa. Concepts like ‘insurance’, ‘insurance law’ and ‘customary law’ will be interrogated, with the analysis falling on traditional and more modern informal responses to risk, as well as more formal responses resulting from the increased penetration of private insurance in the democratic era. This contribution aims to address concerns expressed about both informal and formal risk spreading practices, to argue towards a conclusion that a pluralistic notion of ‘insurance’ should not necessarily be sacrificed in service of corporate profit aims. Value remains in ‘customary insurance law’, and these cultural responses may provide evidence of a broader contract value system to be used in the service of developing the South African laws of contract and insurance. At very least, this value system should inform concepts like consumer insurance law and should be foregrounded in developing a notion of micro-insurance. South Africa has the potential to be a world leader in the field of customary insurance law, as the failings of a comparable system – funeral insurance in Australia – demonstrate.
- ItemOpen AccessEfficacy of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy compared with higher-dose budesonide as step-up from low-dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment(2017) Jenkins, Christine R; Eriksson, Göran; Bateman, Eric D; Reddel, Helen K; Sears, Malcolm R; Lindberg, Magnus; O’Byrne, Paul MAsthma management may involve a step up in treatment when symptoms are not well controlled. We examined whether budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy (MRT) is as effective as higher, fixed-dose budesonide plus as-needed terbutaline in patients requiring step-up from Step 2 treatment (low-dose inhaled corticosteroids), stratified by baseline reliever use.
- ItemOpen AccessProportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study(2016) Roman-Viñas, Blanca; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Katzmarzyk, Peter T; Fogelholm, Mikael; Lambert, Estelle V; Maher, Carol; Maia, José; Olds, Timothy; Onywera, Vincent; Sarmiento, Olga L; Standage, Martyn; Tudor-Locke, Catrine; Tremblay, Mark SAbstract Background The Canadian 24-h movement guidelines were developed with the hope of improving health and future health outcomes in children and youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence to the 3 recommendations most strongly associated with health outcomes in new 24-h movement guidelines and their relationship with adiposity (obesity and body mass index z-score) across countries participating in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). Methods Cross-sectional results were based on 6128 children aged 9–11 years from the 12 countries of ISCOLE. Sleep duration and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using accelerometry. Screen time was measured through self-report. Body weight and height were measured. Body mass index (BMI, kg · m −2 ) was calculated, and BMI z-scores were computed using age- and sex-specific reference data from the World Health Organization. Obesity was defined as a BMI z-score > +2 SD. Meeting the overall 24-h movement guidelines was defined as: 9 to 11 h/night of sleep, ≤2 h/day of screen time, and at least 60 min/day of MVPA. Age, sex, highest parental education and unhealthy diet pattern score were included as covariates in statistical models. Associations between meeting vs. not meeting each single recommendation (and combinations) with obesity were assessed with odds ratios calculated using generalized linear mixed models. A linear mixed model was used to examine the differences in BMI z-scores between children meeting vs. not meeting the different combinations of recommendations. Results The global prevalence of children meeting the overall recommendations (all three behaviors) was 7%, with children from Australia and Canada showing the highest adherence (15%). Children meeting the three recommendations had lower odds ratios for obesity compared to those meeting none of the recommendations (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.18–0.45). Compared to not meeting the 24-h movement recommendations either independently or combined, meeting them was significantly associated with a lower BMI z-score. Whenever the MVPA recommendation was included in the analysis the odds ratios for obesity were lower. Conclusions For ISCOLE participants meeting these 3 healthy movement recommendations the odds ratios of being obese or having high BMI z-scores were lower. However, only a small percentage of children met all recommendations. Future efforts should aim to find promising ways to increase daily physical activity, reduce screen time, and ensure an adequate night’s sleep in children. Trial registration The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT01722500) (October 29, 2012).
- ItemOpen AccessThe litigation between Greenhalgh and the Mallard family, [1941-1950]: and its influence on company law in England, Australia and South Africa(1992) Smith, Charles AdamsonOn 1 July 1941 Mr Greenhalgh issued a writ against his co-shareholders in the Arderne Cinema Company, and thus began a series of cases which ended with a Court of Appeal Judgment handed down on,10 November 1950. During the almost ten-year period of the litigation, seven actions were brought by Mr Greenhalgh, five of which were taken on appeal. Mason1 writing in the Australian Law Journal said of the litigation "It thus represents something of an epic of litigious heroism· while Professor Sealy2 in a note in the Cambridge Law Journal dealing with the Clemens case3 in referring to a seemingly wide choice of remedies .... available to a minority through the courts ... remarks that many of them have a sorry history as the ghost of Mr Zuccani ...., Mr Sidebottom ...., Mr Greenhalgh .... and the many other unsuccessful litigants who haunt the pages of the textbooks could plainly testify." The first two references are to Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa [1900] 1 Ch.656 and Shuttleworth v Cox Bros. & Co. (Maidenhead) [1927] 2 K.B. 9, of which more later and the third, of course, to Mr Greenhalgh of the Arderne Cinema company. D D Prentice4 In a Law Quarterly Review article entitled 'Restraints on the Exercise of Majority Shareholder Power' begins with the words: "The plight of Mr Greenhalgh is known to all students of company law and his fate has been held up as a salutary warning to all minority shareholders who have the temerity to do battle with the big battalions." Gower in Principles of Modern Company Law 4 ed (1979), referring to the last appeal, says "This last case, however, was merely the culmination of a long battle in the courts which is such an admirable illustration of the vulnerability of a minority shareholder that it is worthwhile summarising the whole story.