Browsing by Author "Phillips, Tammy"

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    Adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) among HIV-infected pregnant women starting treatment immediately vs delayed: a cohort study
    (2016) Langwenya, Nontokozo; Myer, Landon; Phillips, Tammy
    Introduction: Use of highly effective antiretroviral drugs to eliminate new paediatric HIV infections is the keystone of all prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programmes. Time on antiretroviral treatment (ART) before delivery reduces maternal viral load and decreases the risk of transmission in utero, during labour and whilst breastfeeding. Currently, many PMTCT programmes across Africa initiate HIV-infected pregnant women on lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the first day of antenatal care ("same-day" initiation). However concerns have been raised regarding patient readiness and whether same-day initiation in pregnancy may contribute to subsequent ART non-adherence. Methods: As part of a larger study of ART in pregnancy, consecutive ART-eligible pregnant women making their first antenatal care (ANC) visit at a primary care facility in Cape Town, South Africa were enrolled into a prospective cohort between March 2013 and June 2014. Before July 2013, eligibility was based on CD4 cell count ≤350 cells/μL ("Option A"), with a 1-2 week delay from the first ANC visit to ART initiation; thereafter all women were eligible regardless of CD4 cell count ("Option B+") and typically offered ART on the same day as first ANC visit. All women received standardized counselling before starting a fixed-dose regimen. Study interviews were conducted separately from the ART service through one week postpartum with self-reported adherence from 30- day recall. Results: Among 625 consecutive ART-eligible women (median age, 28 years; median gestation, 21 weeks; 55% newly diagnosed with HIV), 72% of women started ART same-day; this proportion was higher under "Option B+" versus "Option A" (p< 0.001). Of those with adherence assessments data available (n=618), 29% reported at least one missed ART dose during pregnancy. Missed doses were reported more frequently among women with previous use of PMTCT (p=0.014), of younger age (p=0.029) and starting ART under Option B+ (p=0.019). In women initiating ART same-day, 31% reported a missed dose compared to 23% among women who delayed ART start following first ANC visit (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI: 0.61 – 1.88). This finding did not vary after adjustment for demographic and clinical measures, and was consistent when restricted to women with CD4 cell counts ≤350 cells/μL. Conclusions: These results suggest same-day ART initiation in pregnant women is not associated with increased non-adherence during the antenatal period. While these results are reassuring for ART programmes implementing "Option B+", further research is required to examine adherence over time, particularly postpartum.
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    Health service utilisation prior to out-of-hospital natural deaths among children under five in Metro West, Cape Town in 2018: a retrospective analysis of data from the Child Death Review
    (2022) Jacobs, Solomon M; Mathews, Shanaaz; Hendricks, Michael; Phillips, Tammy
    Background In the Metro West geographical service area within the City of Cape Town district the under-five mortality rate in the Metro West GSA decreased from 25 per 1000 live births in 2010 to 22 deaths per 1000 live births in 2013, but the rate of decrease slowed down in part because of the amount of child deaths outside of health facilities. Fifty-five percent of under-five deaths occur out-of-hospital in South Africa, with a similar percentage in the Metro West (49-52% in 2010 to 2015). Describing factors that enable or prevent health service usage among natural under-five deaths is an important precursor for effective interventions. Objectives and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional design utilised secondary, routinely collected data from 1 January to 31 December 2018 on under-five out-of-hospital natural deaths reported to Salt River Mortuary. We used the data, which included routine interviews with the caregivers, together with social and medical data collated by the Child Death Review, to describe the cause of death, the socio-demographic profile, and the routine and prior-to-death health service usage. Dimensions of health service access according to the WHO and Anderson, respectively, were used as a heuristic lens to describe the applicable variables and to formulate a priori multivariable logistic regression models to compare those who did and did not seek care before death. These dimensions include physical accessibility, financial affordability, the health needs of the child as well as the existing health behaviour of the caregiver. Results Of the 187 cases described, 68% died of lower respiratory tract infections and 8% of diarrhoea. Fifty four percent of cases were younger than 3 months, and 40% were born prematurely. In terms of the residential health sub-district, 37% resided in Mitchells Plain, 29% in Klipfontein, 18% in Western and 14% in Southern; 52% resided in needy or very needy areas. Mothers were single (69%), unemployed (73%) and lived in informal housing (46%). Of the cases who were alive at the time, immunisation coverage was 79%, 70% and 68% at the 6-, 10- and 14-week visits. However, only 23% of mothers sought health care prior to the child's death. Overall, 51% of the mothers recognised symptoms of illness prior to death and symptoms were recognised in 95% of the mothers who sought health care compared to 37% of the mothers who did not seek health care (p-value < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression models showed the importance in recognising symptoms in seeking health care (aOR 18.28, 95% CI 3.67-90.93), and that, while not statistically significant, the recognition of symptoms was less likely at younger ages (aOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.07-1.14 for cases younger than 3 months compared to those older than 6 months) Conclusion The study identified key risk factors implicated in the out-of-hospital deaths in Metro West and the need for mothers to identify and seek health care when their child is symptomatic. There should be focused support during the first 1000 days for mothers identified as being at-risk, namely: those who are single, unemployed, lack social support and abuse substances, and for babies with prematurity and HIV-exposure. Counselling should emphasise the recognition of LRTI symptoms and health care seeking to prevent child deaths and reduce the under-five mortality. Further research is needed to consolidate which provincial geographical areas should be prioritized for targeted interventions that impact on health care seeking behaviour, as well as the most effective child health education and messaging. Data paucity on medical history may be addressed by data augmentation from the Provincial Health Data Centre and improvements should be made for capturing children's anthropometry.
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    Retention in care among HIV-infected women initiating ART during pregnancy: a cohort study
    (2014) Phillips, Tammy; Myer, Landon; McIntyre, James
    Background: Recent international guidelines call for universal use of triple-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected women during pregnancy and postpartum. There are however concerns regarding potentially high levels of non-adherence and/or loss to follow-up (LTF) that may attenuate the benefits of ART for HIV transmission and maternal health. We investigated missed visits and LTF among women initiating ART during pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of women starting ART between January 2011 and September 2012, at a large primary care antenatal clinic. Eligible women were identified in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services based on CD4 ≤350 cells/μl, and women initiated a regimen of tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz. Women eligible for ART were either referred to general adult ART services nearby (January-December 2011) or received ART integrated into ANC services (January-September 2012). Outcomes were measured up to six months postpartum: (i) LTF (no attendance within 56 days of a scheduled visit) and (ii) missed visit (returning to care 14-56 days late for a scheduled visit).