Browsing by Author "Lloyd,Phillip"

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    An investigation into the barriers to entry in the South African downstream petroleum industry
    (2003) Mokoena, Jazze K J; Lloyd,Phillip
    This dissertation investigates barriers to entry into the downstream petroleum industry of South Africa. The study seeks to understand why there is insignificant entry into the downstream petroleum industry by Historically Disadvantaged South Africans (HSDA's), while the government has set itself an objective of achieving sustainable presence, control and ownership by HDSA's of approximately a quarter in all facets of the industry. The government has set this objective in order to address the past imbalances before the industry could be deregulated. In an endeavour to ascertain why this key policy objective was not achieved, the study investigated barriers to entry into the industry, and revealed a number of these impediments. There are three categories of these impediments or barriers to entry, namely, economic barriers to entry, non-economic barriers, and cross-sectoral barriers. These barriers contribute towards deterring entry by HDSA's and hold back the BOC's from increasing their market share in the downstream industry. In order to address some of these barriers a business model for economic empowerment has been developed, which seeks to assist in the achievement of the government's set key policy objective. The barriers to entry could be circumvented through this business model, with an aim of making entry into the industry easy for HDSA's. The model could create a business environment that will allow the BOC's to increase their market share in the downstream while at the same time alleviating the identified barriers to entry in order to achieve approximately twenty five percent sustainable presence, control and ownership of the industry by HDSA's. The model would also enable BOC's to capture five percent (5%) of the market share of the refiners in a sustainable way without significantly harming the established oil companies. The role of government in this regard would be limited to issuing a licence to the BOC's in order to acquire the 5% target at an Import Parity Price (IPP), which is far less than the Basic Fuel Price (BFP). The revenue loss of the refiners for their petrol and diesel would be 0.5% and 0.26% respectively.
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    Technical feasibility of using spent lubricating oil as a body fuel in traditional clay brick making operations
    (2002) Mutsago, Mukayi N; Von Blottnitz, Harro; Lloyd,Phillip
    Used lubricating oil is regarded as a toxic and hazardous industrial waste. Several researchers have worked on finding environmentally friendly ways of used oil disposal. In South Africa, used lubes are: * reprocessed for subsequent burning * reprocessed for other uses * burned in lime plants, and in brick and tile kilns * re-refined. In brick making, more than two thirds of the energy at a factory is used during the firing process. To reduce the energy demands of this process, brick makers mix solid fuels (known as "body fuels"), clay and water, a practice that has been known to exist for centuries. Fuels that have been tried and used as body fuels in the world are coal, sawdust, sewage sludge, industrial organic waste, rice husks and other agricultural waste. Among these, coal has the highest calorific value ranging between 22 to 29 MJ/kg. In South Africa coal is the most commonly used body fuel. The use of used lubricating oil as a body fuel has been reported, but the process has not been technically or scientifically studied. The project was proposed at the University of Cape Town to find more ways in which spent oil could be utilized as an energy source, i.e. to provide the energy required during the firing of bricks. This study was carried out with the aim of investigating the technical feasibility of using spent lubricating oil in low technology clay brick operations in South Africa. The study was applied to the operation of a traditional clamp kiln operation, but the method and results obtained can be modified and applied to other brick making technologies.