Browsing by Subject "Geological Science"
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- ItemOpen AccessAfrican river basins : their present geometry and recent past as a framework for their evolution(2004) Stankiewicz, Jacek; De Wit, MaartenFractals and scaling laws abound in nature, and it is said that geometry of river networks and basins is an epitome of this. This study investigates how on the tectonically unique African continent, scaling parameters, and in particular deviations from 'perfect fractal patterns' relate to parameters like underlying geology, climate, and vegetation through which the river flows. Stream and basin patterns are also used to reconstruct the past network geometry of rivers, and to shed some light on the drainage evolution of major African rivers.
- ItemOpen AccessAssessment of long-term air pollution impacts on soil properties in the vicinity of Arnot power station on the South African highveld(1997) Van Tienhoven, Anne Mieke; Fey, Martin V; Willis, JamesAtmospheric pollution on the South African high veld is perceived as a concern because of the combination of heavy industry and climatic features that prevail in the region. The frequent occurrence of surface inversions (80 - 90 % of days in the winter months), permits the accumulation of pollutants near ground level. Although industrial stacks, and those of power stations in particular, are generally able to emit gaseous and particulate pollutants above the boundary layer, looping and fumigation of plumes may occur under convective conditions. Under such circumstances, the concentration of pollutants at ground level may be high, especially within 4 km of the stack. Since considerable damage to European and North American ecosystems has occurred as a result of atmospheric pollution, concerns were first raised in a report by Tyson, Kruger and Louw in 1988, that similar effects may be taking place on the eastern highveld region of South Africa. The current study was prompted in direct response to these concerns. The first major objective was to establish long-term monitoring sites whereby changes in the pedosphere in response to atmospheric inputs could be detected. The second objective was to characterise the soil collection and to determine whether any impacts are detectable at this early stage. Arnot power station was selected as the focal point of the study as it is a base-load power station, is the most distant from the industrial centres of Witbank, Middelburg and Gauteng and has been in operation for over twenty years. Fifteen sampling sites located in an arc ranging ENE to SE downwind of the power station were selected. Both topsoil and subsoil were sampled at each site. Details of geographical co-ordinates and site features were noted to enable reproducible resampling. Sampling took place in August 1996, but three sites were visited again in October and resampled to test the reproducibility of sampling. Although not statistically comparable, the soils of each site showed similar results for key analyses, which included EC, pH, organic carbon and acid neutralising capacity.
- ItemOpen AccessDepositional processes in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon(1977) Flemming, B W; Siesser, W GThis study deals with the physical aspects of sedimentation in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. On the basis of detailed textural investigations the depositional history of the study area has been established. The sediments in the bay and in the lagoon consist of a fine terrigenous quartz population and a coarser skeletal carbonate population, which have been mixed in various proportions. In order to gain size parameters that are more closely related to the hydraulic nature of depositional processes observed in the marine environment, grain size analyses were performed with an automatically recording settling tube system. The instrument was developed in the course of this study. Construction costs were kept extremely low without, however, impairing the scientific requirements of the instrument. Over 500 sediment samples were recovered on a closely-spaced grid; in each case, a size analysis was performed on the total sample and on the insoluble, terrigenous fraction. By subtracting the terrigenous size distribution from that of the total sediment, the relevant size parameters of the bioclastic component were calculated. In this manner 1500 individual size distributions were available for interpretation.
- ItemOpen AccessA geochemical investigation into the occurrence and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in the lower Oliphants River, Western Cape(2004) Germs, Wijnand J; Compton, John; Roychoudhury, AlakendraKnowledge of nutrient dynamics within aquatic ecosystems are of fundamental importance for water quality management, especially in cultivated areas where irrigation farming pose a salinization and eutrophication risk to water bodies. A range of water quality problems is associated with eutrophication, which is generally controlled by the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The lower Olifants River is situated in an arid region with intensive irrigation agriculture. This study set out to investigate the loading and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in the lower Olifants River.
- ItemOpen AccessA geochemical study of neoproterozoic palaeo-evaporites and their possible role in metallogenesis in the Damara Belt of Namibia(2000) Pillay, NevantheranFormer evaporite horizons in metamorphic terrains have frequently been referred to as a source for highly saline fluids associated with base metal ore deposits in various parts of the world. Data on the nature of these former evaporites and their associated connate fluids, however, is frequently quite sparse, and the link between the ore deposits and the source evaporites is usually intuitive, at best. In an attempt to characterise such evaporite-derived fluids and their source evaporites, a study of former evaporites in the Duruchaus Formation in the Southern Marginal Zone (SMZ) of the Damara Belt was carried out. The lithological units that make up the evaporite sequence within the Duruchaus Formation were mapped and sampled, along with discordant quartz-dolomite plugs intruding at various levels in the Duruchaus Formation stratigraphy, and in the overlying Bakos Group.
- ItemOpen AccessGeochemistry and amelioration of a sulphur contaminated environment near Somerset West, South Africa(2000) Mc Keown, Stephen; Fey, Martin V; Willis, JamesThe key objectives of this study are, firstly, to determine the extent and effects of the S contamination and secondly, to determine an effective means of ameliorating the site.
- ItemOpen AccessLate Proterozoic bedrock geology and its influence on neogene littoral marine diamondiferous trapsites, MA1-Sperrgebiet, Namibia(2001) Jacob, Jana; Frimmel, Hartwig E; Bluck, BrianNamibia's south western coast, the Sperrgebiet, hosts one of the world's largest diamond placer deposits. Diamond distribution in this placer deposit is directly related to the presence of a diamond-carrying gravel, the degree of reworking of the gravel and the quantity and quality of the diamond trapsites. The diamond-carrying gravel is present in the form of palaeo-beaches. Six Plio-Pleistocene beaches have been identified lying onshore between the Orange River mouth and Chameis Bay. The Plio-Pleistocene beaches are underlain by Late Proterozoic footwall. The Late-Proterozoic footwall has undergone extensive marine erosion and development of marine platforms during different sea-level stillstands. Diamond trapsites in the form of potholes and gullies are incised into palaeo platforms formed during the sea-level stillstands. The marine erosion palaeo-platforms have been cut into the predominantly siliciclastic rocks of the Gariep Belt. The Late Proterozoic Gariep Belt is divided into an eastern para- aulochthonous passive continental margin zone, the Port Nolloth Zone, and a western allochthonous Marmora Terrane. Previous work suggested that the Marmora Terrane had been thrust on top of the Port Nolloth Zone in a south-easterly direction and that the Marmora Terrane could be subdivided into three tectonostratigraphic units: the Schakalsberge Complex, the Oranjemund Complex and the Chameis Complex. In addition, previous work indicated that the Oranjemund Complex had been stacked tectonically between the Chameis Complex in the northwest and the Schakalsberge Complex in the southeast. However, this study questions the subdivision of the Marmora Terrane into three separate tectonic complexes. The rocks in the study area forms part of the newly defined Oranjemund Group, Oranjemund Sub-terrane.
- ItemOpen AccessA late quaternary history of Agulhas-Benguela interactions from two sediment cores on the western continental slope of South Africa(2002) Rau, Amanda Jane; Lee-Thorp, Julia A; Rogers, JohnChanges in circulation and productivity in the southeastern South Atlantic Ocean over the last 850 kyr are investigated through the multiproxy study of two giant piston cores, MD962080 and MD962084, retrieved from the Agulhas Bank and Olifants River continental slopes of South Africa. The stable oxygen isotope record of the benthic foraminifer, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, and the planktonic taxon, Globorotalia inflata, provide the stratigraphic framework from which the age models were created. The results indicate that biotic responses to surface hydrological changes in the study area are complex and involve both high- and low-frequency variations.
- ItemOpen AccessA metamorphic and geochemical study of mafic rocks across the Pencksökket-Jutulstraumen Discontinuity, western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica(2005) Grosch, Eugene Gerald; Frimmel, Hartwig EA petrological and metamorphic comparison of Mesoproterozoic metabasic rocks on the easern margin of the Archaean Grunehogna Craton and the adjacent Maud Belt in western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, revealed a difference in peak metamorphic conditions from T = ~275° to 730°C and P=2 to 10.7 kbar over a distance of only 30 km across a major glacial valley. The lower grade constraints were derived from average P-T calculations using THER-MOCALC and thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria together with chlorite geothermometry. The high-grade P-T constraint for the westernmost part of the Maud Belt closest to the glacier, derived from hornblende-plagioclase thermometry and geobarometric calculations with a garnet amphibolite assemblage, is very similar to that reported for the eastern Maud Belt and, therefore, does not support the concept of a westward decreasing metamorphic field gradient as previously proposed. In conjunction with a recent geochronological study on the eastern Maud Belt, this study suggests that the inferred sub-glacial boundary between the Grunehogna Craton and the Maud Belt, known as the Pencksökket-Jutulstraumen Discontinuity, may represent a major thrust that developed during Pan-African orogenesis (possibly as the continuation of the East African Mozambique Belt into East Antarctica) prior to extension and its development as a normal listric fault or succession of fault slices during the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana.
- ItemOpen AccessMicro-seismic observations in Leeu Gamka, Karoo, South Africa(2018) Fynn, Melody; Kahle, Richard; Kahle, BethThis thesis documents a microseismicity study in the interior of South Africa. The study area is centred on Leeu Gamka in the Western Cape province, a tectonically stable intraplate setting and is therefore expected to be seismically quiet. The International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalogue reported localised anomalous seismicity in the region between 2007 and 2013 with local magnitudes up to 4.5. The short apparent duration and time history of this anomalous reported seismicity is likely a reporting artefact. An array of 23 geophones was deployed for three months (March - June) in 2015, covering an area of 60 km - 65 km centred on the zone of anomalous seismicity. Using this array, I identified a total of 106 earthquakes over this period, with almost all events clustering in a surprisingly small area (75% of the epicentres fall within a one square kilometre block). Double-difference relocation resolved the hypocentres onto a structure with an apparent NW - SE orientation, consistent with large-scale fabric that can be recognised in satellite imagery. The focal mechanisms display strike-slip faulting with the fault plane likely in a NW - SE orientation, consistent with the distribution of the earthquakes. The velocity model was tested by varying the thickness of the Karoo supergroup to investigate the sensitivity of the depths of the earthquakes. An average hypocentral depth of approximately 6 km was calculated for the earthquakes, assuming a depth to the base of the Karoo of 5km. This places the earthquakes just below the base of the Karoo in the Cape Supergroup. The magnitudes of the earthquakes recorded range from -1.5
- ItemOpen AccessPb and Zn contamination in Zoar Vlei, Cape Peninsula(1995) Reid, Caroline Emma; Fey, Martin V; Willis, JamesThe sediments in Zoar Vlei act as a considerable sink for Pb and Zn derived from the adjacent Paarden-Eiland semi-industrial area and the Milnenon-Rugby residential area. Through elemental analysis of 34 sediment samples by WDXRF spectroscopy, the sediments were shown to be significantly enriched in Pb and Zn.Lead and Zn concentrations are highest at the entrance to the southern pan, and decrease nonhwards through the vlei system. Kaolinite, quanz, illite and smectite are present in the clay fraction of the sediment, as was shown by analysis of a clay separate by XRD. The results of the sorption experiments revealed that both Pb and Zn are sorbed by the sediments. The selective affinity of the sediments for Pb exceeds that for Zn, as Pb sorption was shown to displace Zn from (he sediment while Zn sorption did not induce Pb release. The high degree of irreversibility of both Pb and Zn sorption indicates that sorption is specific in nature, and that under the present environmental conditions, the sediments act as a suitable storage facility for these metals. Acidification of the vlei water in equilibrium with the sediments caused Zn release through neutralisation reactions. Total water analyses were performed on 72 vlei water samples using high performance ion liquid chromatography and ICP-AES. Zinc concentrations in the vlei were elevated compared to natural background values, and decrease in a northerly direction through the vlei system, however remain elevated at the outflow into the Milnerton Lagoon. Zinc appears to be entering the vlei via storm water drains from both the industrial and residential areas.
- ItemOpen AccessThe petrogenesis of the mesozoic Maningoza suite igneous complexes, central west Madagascar(2010) Finkelstein, JarrydThe Maningoza Suite is a set of Mesozoic igneous sub-volcanic to volcanic complexes situated in the Mahajanga sedimentary and volcanic basin in central-west Madagascar. The Maningoza Suite is exposed in an area roughly 50 x 80 km and consists of the Ambereny, Ambohitrosy, Ankibobozaka, Berevo, Fonjay and Maningoza Complexes. The Maningoza Complex also consists of the Ambolodia, Antanetilava and Sambao Formations.
- ItemOpen AccessPost-depositional alteration of the Ventersdorp Contact Reef at Vaal Reef no. 10 shaft, Klerksdorp Goldfield(1996) Gartz, Volker Heinrich; Frimmel, HartwigThe Ventersdorp Contact Reef (VCR) is an auriferous conglomerate which unconformably overlies the rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. It acted as a palaeo-aquifer and is capped by relatively impermeable metabasalts of the Ventersdorp Supergroup. Three post-depositional alteration events, which form an alteration halo in the footwall and hangjngwall rocks around the VCR, can be recognised. The first of these alteration events is attributed to regional metamorphism and is identified by the formation of pyrophyllite in the footwall quartzites and a lower green schist facies mineral assemblage in the hangingwall metabasalts. The second and third alteration events are interpreted as metasomatic fluid in filtration events which were focused along the VCR horizon. The second alteration event involved K⁺metasomatism which affected the footwall and hanging wall rocks up to a distance of several metres away from the VCR The third alteration event, during which the muscovite was partially replaced, was associated with the formation of chlorite in and immediately around the VCR-Chlorite thermometry suggests a temperature of 307 ± 14°C for this event. The close mineralogical association of gold with chlorite, secondary pyrite and secondary quartz in the VCR is interpreted to indicate that gold remobilisation was associated with the chlorite forming alteration event. The inhomogeneity found in gold particles within a hydrothermal quartz vein indicates a sharp drop in temperature after gold precipitation, suggesting a very short period of hydrothermal fluid infiltration.
- ItemOpen AccessPre-rift evolution of Malawian high-grade basement rocks(2017) Huang, Leslie; Diener, Johann; Fagereng, AkeThere is some controversy in terms of the basement geology of Malawi which ultimately stems from the overall lack of metamorphic studies conducted in the area. The geological complexity of Malawi comes from that fact that it sits at the intersection of three major orogenic belts: The Palaeoproterozoic Ubendian Belt, Mesoproterozoic Kibaran/Irumide Belt, and Pan African Mozambique Belt. Its complexity makes it difficult to unravel, especially in terms of identifying features of older orogenic events which have already experienced multiple metamorphic overprinting from subsequent events. This thesis provides a more detailed pre-rift evolution of the Malawian basement rocks by reporting ages and P-T conditions from four localities surrounding Lake Malawi, namely Chilumba, Mlowe, Maganga, and Mangochi. Results reveal that at 1985-1974 Ma, garnet-cordierite granulites were equilibrated under conditions of 760°C at 4.5-5 kbar possibly as a result of subduction-related magmatism. Subsequently, at 1100 Ma, charnockites were emplaced and metamorphosed under peak conditions of 770-780°C at 4.3-6 kbar due to Kibaran-age magmatic underplating. Remnants of the Irumide/Kibaran Orogeny is relatively scarce throughout Malawi and although the Mangochi charnockites were emplaced during Kibaran-age tectonism, it also experienced at least two different metamorphic events thereafter. The first occurred either during early stages of the East African orogen or Rodinia break-up at 900-800 Ma while the second occurred during the late stages of the East African orogen at 650-600 Ma. Possible remnants of the Kuunga Orogeny are recorded in Chilumba and Maganga as an amphibolite facies metamorphic event which took place around 570 Ma under peak conditions of roughly 660-670°C at 6-8 kbar. Findings of this study have not only provided a more detailed metamorphic history of Malawi but also paved way for future studies in the area to further explore why similar rocks found in such close proximity to each other preserve vastly different tectonic environments.
- ItemOpen AccessPrediction, control and rehabilitation of iron encrustation in water supply boreholes, Western Cape, South Africa : a geochemical approach(2006) Smith, Meris; Roychoudhury, Alakendra N
- ItemOpen AccessStable isotopes of the thermal springs of the Cape Fold Belt(1997) Diamond, Roger Edward; Harris, ChrisThe Cape Fold Belt is a 250Ma orogenic belt comprised of rocks of the Cape Supergroup, an Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary sequence. The mountainous areas, which reach over 2000m, are composed of the faulted and highly jointed quartzites and sandstones of the Table Mountain Group, which acts as the main deep aquifer. It is from the secondary porosity of this aquifer that over ten thermal springs issue forth, ranging in temperature from ~27°C to 64°C. Samples of the integrated total monthly rainfall were taken for several months at each of four stations around the Cape Fold Belt. Values ranged from δ¹⁸O=- 8.3⁰/₀₀ and 6δ=-37⁰/₀₀ to 1.2⁰/₀₀ and 7⁰/₀₀, respectively. Integrated recharge values based on a full year of observation at UCT, Cape Town, are δ¹⁸O =- 3. 7o/oo and 6δ = -10⁰/₀₀. Eleven thermal springs were sampled in 1995, four of which were sampled once a month for several months, over the same period that the rain was being sampled. The average discharge values for the four springs sampled monthly are, for δ¹⁸O and δD respectively, at Malmesbury - 3.9⁰/₀₀, -18⁰/₀₀; at Citrusdal -4.9⁰/₀₀, - 20⁰/₀₀; at Brandvlei - 5.6⁰/₀₀, - 30⁰/₀₀ and at Calitzdorp -7.3⁰/₀₀,-40⁰/₀₀. A meteoric water line for the Cape Mediterranean climate area was calculated by the general form of a structural regression, using the monthly data weighted by rainfall amount. It has the equation δD = 7.38δ¹⁸O + 18.6. Using the same calculation technique, but not weighting the data, the data for the thermal springs yield a water line with the equation δD = 8.32δ¹⁸O + 16.5. The difference in gradient suggests that the springs are recharged from a colder and isotopically more fractionated weather system, such as during a previous colder climate regime, or at high altitude. There is no evidence for isotope exchange between the groundwater and host rocks; rather, the shift of the spring water line to less negative δ¹⁸O values suggests evaporation prior to recharge. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios from the discharged spring water are clearly more negative than those expected for rain falling at the spring, which can be explained by recharge at much higher altitudes. The springs are therefore believed to be recharged high on mountains in the near vicinity. A continental effect was observed in the spring data, with respect to the distance from the west coast, which is the direction from which weather systems approach. Most of the thermal springs of the Cape Fold Belt seem to be recharged at high altitude in nearby mountains, whereafter the water is heated by geothermal gradient upon reaching depths of two to three kilometres via the secondary porosity of the Peninsula Formation, finally reaching the surface by means of various faults, which allow passage through the impermeable Cedarberg Formation. Isotopically light carbon is released at some springs in the form of CO₂ and CH₄ (total carbon δ¹³C≈- 21⁰/₀₀). These gases could come from near surface bog environments, however, at Malmesbury, where H₂S is also released, a possible geological source is indicated for the CO₂ and the CH₄.
- ItemOpen AccessThe geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Saltpeterkop carbonatite complex near Sutherland, Northern Cape, South Africa(2018) Marageni, Manoka; Janney, Philip; Greyling, LynnetteThe Saltpeterkop Carbonatite Complex is a Late Cretaceous (≈76 Ma) volcanic and shallow intrusive magmatic feature located approximately 20 km southeast of Sutherland in the Northern Cape. It is unusual among southern African carbonatite complexes in that it has not been deeply eroded, and retains a significant vestige of its original volcanic features. The main geologic expression of the Complex is a ≈1.5 km diameter tuff ring, located on top of prominently updomed and fractured Beaufort Group (Karoo) sediments, that appears to have formed as the result of a major diatreme-type eruption. The volcaniclastic breccias making up the tuff ring have been heavily altered and silicified by hydrothermal activity, and thick (mm to tens of cm) Fe oxide-rich crusts, which appear to represent the alteration products of Fe-rich carbonatites, are common in this area. Outside of the central ring structure are numerous shallow intrusions (dykes, sills and irregular shapes), satellite breccia pipes and pipe-shaped intrusions that host fresh to only moderately altered igneous rocks. The main igneous rock types include (in decreasing order of abundance): carbonatite, potassic trachyte, olivine melilitite and ultramafic lamprophyre. This thesis provides the first detailed petrographic and geochemical description of these rocks (e.g., major and trace elements) and attempts to explain several aspects of their petrogenesis. The olivine melilitites and ultramafic lamprophyres are the most primitive igneous rocks in the complex and have experienced only minor to moderate extents of differentiation, respectively. They apppear to have been derived by low-degrees of partial melting of a carbonated, likely phlogopite-bearing mantle source. The lamprophyres appear to have been derived by melting at shallower depths than the melilitites based on REE constraints. The carbonatites range from relatively primitive to highly differentiated and they form a nearly continuous compositional range with the ultramafic lamprophyres and melilitites. This seems to argue against a major role for liquid immiscibility in their origin. Their REE content (up to 2 wt.% total REE oxides) correlates with their extent of differentiation. The potassic trachytes are plausibly linked to melts of mafic lower continental crust that has been metasomatised by hydrous potassium-rich carbonatitic melts and which have experienced significant fractional crystallization and assimilation of upper crustal sedimentary rocks during emplacement.
- ItemOpen AccessThe hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater in southern Mozambique(2021) Henry, Sabine; Harris, Chris; Miller, JodieA groundwater chemistry sampling campaign was run over two sampling seasons in 2018. Groundwater samples were taken across the region of southern Mozambique, between the towns of Namaacha, Catuane, Ponta do Ouro and Marracuene. Major anions and cations were analyzed by two labs at Stellenbosch University, and stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, and radiogenic isotopes of strontium were analyzed at the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Cape Town. The aim of this study was to characterize the isotopic and hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the southern Mozambique study area, using major ions and stable isotopes. Samples were categorized into different zones based on the underlying geology in which the borehole was sited. Overall, the dominant anions and cations are: Cl>HCO3>SO4 and Na> Ca=Mg>K. 68% of samples plotted in the Na-Cl water type, whilst 30% plotted in the Na-HCO3 water type of the Piper and Chadha diagrams. Salinization is the mechanism controlling the Na-Cl water types, whilst recharge is mechanism controlling the Na-HCO3 water types. Saturation indices of calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum. Saturation indices were calculated using the thermodynamic software PHREEQC. All samples were undersaturated with respect to gypsum and halite, suggesting that the conditions were thermodynamically favored for their dissolution. Samples that were from boreholes that plotted in the limestone layers and >40m depth in basalts, and quaternary sediments were oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, indicating that the conditions were thermodynamically favored for their precipitation out of solution. Samples that plotted in the rhyolite, shallow basalts and quaternary sediments were undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, suggesting dissolution into solution. Sixty-two percent of sample had an NA/Cl ration greater than one, indicating silicate weathering as a major process affecting the chemical character of the water. Samples in the basalts however had Na/Cl ratios less than one, and δ 2H and δ 18O values out of the range of seawater, suggesting ion exchange as a process affecting the chemistry of groundwater in these areas. Since there is no established Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) in the area, LMWL from Pretoria and Durban were used as proxies, and the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) was also plotted. Samples in the rhyolites, basalts and quaternary sediments has high d-excess values, and showed a strong evaporation trend. The mechanisms for groundwater salinization in these areas is strongly influenced by evapoconcentaion effects. Geographical features such as seasonal variation, latitude, elevation and distance from coast do not appear to be a major factor affecting the isotopic composition of the groundwaters. The strontium isotopes and elemental strontium concentrations indicate that groundwater mixing likely occurred in each zone, however no end-members were established.
- ItemOpen AccessTrace metal accumulation in urban sediments, Black River, Western Cape, South Africa(2003) Haniff, Naadira; Roychoudhury, Alakendra N; Compton, JohnThe increase in urbanisation and the use of metal compounds and products domestically and in industry has resulted in the production of by-products and wastes, which needs to be evaluated in the urban environment. The discharge of some of these wastes into urban rivers should be evaluated to determine the potential effects, for example, toxicity and mobility. The effects may, in part, be determined by the chemical states in which these wastes manifest themselves, and by the chemical associations they have.
- ItemOpen AccessThe use of upper mantle derived ilmenite to predict preservation of diamond parcels in Kimerlite(2001) Horwood, Steven J; Gurney, John JBibliography: leaves 80-95.