Browsing by Department "Division of Anatomical Pathology"
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- ItemOpen AccessA ribosomal gene mutation in streptomycin resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates(1994) Douglass, John Wingfield
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- ItemOpen AccessAn ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of myometrium and its leiomyomata(1995) Richards, Penelope Anne
- ItemOpen AccessAtypical reactive lymphoid hyperplasia : a 5 year study with analysis of 10 cases for latent Epstein-Barr virus infection by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry(1994) Eedes, Christopher Robert; Eedes, Christopher Robert; Close, PaulineAIMS OF THE STUDY: 1. To perform a retrospective, epidemiological analysis of cases of reactive lymphadenopathy and atypical reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (ARLH) received in the Department of Anatomical Pathology, UCT and GSH, over a 5 year period, in order to determine the number of cases of ARLH, and the frequency of the various subtypes of reactive lymphoid. hyperplasia, so as to provide base-line information for further studies. 2. To set up IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (ISH) for detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA's (EBERs) in latently infected cells in selected cases, to determine if virus is present in ARLH. 3. To perform immunohistochemical analysis for the detection of EBY-derived latent membrane protein (LMP) in those cases subjected to ISH.
- ItemOpen AccessAtypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour in a supratentorial location: a report of two cases(Health and Medical Publishing Group, 2014) Mahomed, N; Naidoo, J; Dlangamandla, S; Andronikou, S; Pather, S; Pillay, KAtypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour of the central nervous system is a rare, highly aggressive childhood malignancy. The age of presentation is usually <2 years, but this tumour may occur in other age groups. The typical location is the posterior fossa, with supratentorial origin less common. We present two cases of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours, with the suprasellar location of one case proving to be a diagnostic radiological challenge.
- ItemOpen AccessBiomarker identification in HIV and non-HIV related lymphomas(2016) Magangane, Pumza Samantha; Naidoo, Richard; Govender, DhirenDLBCL is the most common lymphoma subtype occurring in older populations as well as in younger HIV infected patients. The current treatment options for DLBCL are effective for most patients yet the relapse rate is high. While many biomarkers for DLBCL exist, they are not in clinical use due to low sensitivity and specificity. In addition, these biomarkers have not been studied in the HIV context. Therefore, the identification of new biomarkers for HIV negative and HIV positive DLBCL, may lead to a better understanding of the disease pathology and better therapeutic design. Initially differences in the clinicopathological features between HIV negative and HIV positive DLBCL patients were determined by conducting a retrospective study of patients treated at GSH. Subsequent to this, potential protein biomarkers for DLBCL were determined using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and characterised using LCMS. The expression of one of the biomarkers, heat shock protein (Hsp) 70, was confirmed on a separate cohort of samples using immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that the clinicopathological features for HIV negative and HIV positive DLBCL are similar except for median age, and frequency of elevated LDH levels. Several clinicopathological factors were prognostic for all DLBCL cases including age, gender, stage and bone marrow involvement. In addition, tumour extranodal site was also a prognostic indicator for the HIV negative cohort. The biomarkers identified in the study consisted of four protein clusters including glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal proteins, histones and collagen. These proteins could differentiate between control and tumour tissue, and the DLBCL subtypes in both cohorts. The majority (41/52) of samples in the confirmation cohort were negative for Hsp70 expression. The HIV positive DLBCL cases had a higher percentage of cases expressing Hsp70 than their HIV negative counterparts. The non-GC subtype also frequently overexpressed Hsp70, confirming MALDI IMS data. Expression of Hsp70 correlated with poor outcome in the HIV negative cohort. In conclusion, this study identified potential biomarkers for HIV negative and HIV positive DLBCL from both clinical and molecular sources. These may be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers complementary to current clinical management for DLBCL.
- ItemOpen AccessThe Bony pelvis scars of parturition and factors Influencing their manifestation(2012) Maass, Petra; Friedling, L JThe aim of this study was to measure and describe the range of variation of several sites on the pelvis reported to display parturition scarring in a skeletal sample of 391 individuals (230 males and 161 females). The scar features, body and pelvic dimensions were compared according to the sex, age and time period of origin of the individuals. Correlation tests were performed to identify potential relationships between scar features, while Principal Component Analysis was used to assess the influence of body and pelvic size on scar manifestation.
- ItemOpen AccessCD146 expression in early and late onset pre-eclampsia : is there a difference?(2014) Schubert, Pawel Tomasz; Wainwright, Helen; Wright, Colleen AObjective: To investigate the difference in expression of CD146 immunohistochemical staining on intermediate trophoblast in early and late onset pre-eclampsia placentas as well as comparing this expression to gestational age matched control placentas. Study Design: Retrospective case series of 100 placentas: 25 early onset and 25 late onset pre-eclampsia placentas as well as 25 early and 25 late gestational age matched control placentas. Placentas were obtained from patients delivering in Tygerberg Hospital. Methods: Placentas were routinely fixed and processed. 2 sections of one preselected block from each case was cut and stained with CD146 and MNF116 immunohistochemical stain. The expression of the staining would be performed by means of analytical and image analysing software. Results: The study failed to demonstrate differences in CD146 expression by the intermediate trophoblast in the pre-eclampsia and control placentas. The analytical approach was deemed to be subjective and the image analysing software had too much background staining and inaccurate identification of the intermediate trophoblast in order to produce reproducible consistent results. Conclusion: Dual staining, using immunofluorescent staining of CD146 and MNF116 on smaller biopsies of the decidua are thought to be able to produce much better material for image analyses software.
- ItemOpen AccessCharacterisation of the germ cell tumours seen at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (1956-1995)(1998) Gordon, Alan Ian; Gordon, Alan; Kaschula, R O CThe aim of the current study is the characterisation (primarily pathological, but with clinical correlation) of the germ cell tumours seen in the Pathology Department of the Red Cross Childrens Hospital since its inception in 1956 (through to the year 1995, date of commencement of the study). Study population: Infants and children from birth to 13 years of age (of all population groups, but predominantly those from the disadvantaged black and mixed race communities of the Greater Cape Town metropolitan area).
- ItemOpen AccessChronic gastritis, helicobacter pylori and micronutrient studies in patients at risk for gastric carcinoma(1991) Jaskiewicz, Kazimierz
- ItemOpen AccessChronic hepatitis at Groote Schuur Hospital: 1978-1996 : a literature review of the syndrome, its clinical spectrum and management at Groote Schuur Hospital(1999) Hairwadzi, Henry N; Hall, Pauline de la MotteChronic hepatitis has multiple aetiologies which include viral hepatitis (hepatitis B, B+D and C), autoimmune hepatitis and drugs. In sub-Saharan Africa the major aetiological factor is chronic hepatitis B virus infection. In this region 10-15% of the population is chronically infected with the virus and 76% have serological evidence of past exposure to the hepatitis B virus. HDV infection has not been documented in Southern Africa but studies from Northern Africa show antibody positivity for HDV of 21-31 % in patients with chronic HBV infection. Drug-induced hepatitis is also increasingly being recognised as a significant entity. This study arose from the observation that there are a significant number of patients with autoimmune hepatitis on follow-up at the Groote Schuur Hospital liver clinic. This group includes patients who test negative for the standard autoimmune markers done at Groote Schuur Hospital but have liver histology that is typical of classical autoimmune hepatitis. They also show a clinical and biochemical response to steroid and azathioprine therapy that is indistinguishable from that seen in classical autoimmune hepatitis cases on similar treatment. This study is retrospective and covers the period 1978 - 1996. The patients studied are those with chronic hepatitis as defined by the International Working Party in 1995, i.e. patients with necro-inflammatory disease of the liver lasting at least 6 months. This includes hepatitis B, B + D, C, autoimmune hepatitis and drug-induced liver disease. Several other liver diseases that may present with clinical and histological features of chronic hepatitis are specifically excluded. These include Wilson's disease, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, alcohol abuse and iron over load states.
- ItemOpen AccessCrohn's Disease : diagnostic and prognostic indicators with special reference to granulomas(1992) Forder, Michael David; Price, S KThe fact therefore remains that, at the present time, Crohn's disease is still an enigma. The aetiology and pathogenesis are obscure, the clinical findings and progression of the disease are unpredictable and the histological findings are often nonspecific. With this in mind, this dissertation attempts to define and document the incidence of certain histological features at presentation in a population of Crohn's disease patients from Groote Schuur Hospital. The main aim is to determine the incidence of granulomas in the study group as a whole, as well as to establish the distribution of granulomas within the bowel. A correlation between the presence of granulomas and the clinical activity of the disease (as assessed by the Crohn's Disease Activity Index) is also sought.
- ItemOpen AccessCyclooxygenase-2 in cervical neoplasia and the relationship with specific human papillomavirus types(2000) Hofmeyr, Michael Devitt; Hall, Pauline de la MotteIncludes bibliographical references.
- ItemOpen AccessThe db mouse as a model for steatohepatitis(2006) Sutherland, Jason Robert; Hall, Pauline de la Motte; Marais, DavidFatty liver disease is a collective phrase for a spectrum of diseases characterised by increased liver fat content. It ranges from fatty infiltration of the liver to an inflammatory condition, steatohepatitis, which may lead onto cirrhosis. Although not associated with alcohol consumption, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has strong associations with obesity, diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Overlapping pathological mechanisms may be involved. The course of the disease will remain unpredictable, and specific treatment will only be able to be instituted once the pathogenesis is fully understood. This thesis reviews current understanding of the pathogenesis and explores the suitability of a recently defined obese diabetic mouse model for its value as a model in the heterozygous and homozygous states. Observations revealed that the db/wt phenotype has a larger mass than the wt/wt and responds with hyperglycaemia. Lipid accumulation occurs in this model when alcohol is administered and lipid peroxidation occurs but histological changes of steatosis and steatohepatitis do not occur. The db/db model is phenotypically distinguished by a large amount of fat storage, diabetes and macrovesicular steatosis that has more lipid peroxidation but no steatohepatitis even when alcohol further increases lipid peroxidation. The model, as explored, did not reveal steatohepatitis either alone, or with alcohol as a single additional stressor, but both the db/wt and db/db mouse model could be further investigated to explore whether additional stressors could induce steaotohepatitis in this model.
- ItemOpen AccessDetection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and expression of cell-cycle markers in breast carcinoma in a cohort of South African patients(2013) Fenwick, Sharon; Govender, DhirenBreast carcinoma is a common cancer in South African women. In the Republic of South Africa, 41 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed per 100 000 population and the mortality rate is 21 per 100 000 population. Many risk factors have been implicated in the carcinogenesis of this disease; including smoking, family history and hormones, however, this only accounts for about 1/3 of the cases diagnosed. Some studies have implicated Human papillomavirus (HPV) as a possible aetiologic agent in the pathogenesis of breast carcinoma however the results have been inconsistent and sometimes controversial. This study was designed to determine the presence of HPV in breast cancer in a South African cohort and to investigate its influence on the cell cycle. A retrospective and prospective cell block study was undertaken.
- ItemOpen AccessThe development of a "new" stain and its comparison with currently available stains for the evaluation of mycobacteria in processed tissue(2006) Jamieson, Craig; Hall, Pauline de la MotteIncludes bibliographical references.
- ItemOpen AccessThe diversity of malignant rhabdoid tumours : a morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural review of cases from the Red Cross Children's Hospital and Groote Schuur Hospitals(1997) Mostert, Colin; Kaschula, R O CMalignant rhabdoid tumours of the kidney are rare childhood neoplasms. Extra-renal rhabdoid tumours are known to have a distinctive biological behaviour and do not always occur in the paediatric age group. As the histogenesis of rhabdoid tumours, and their apparent relationship to nephroblastoma is still unclear, careful assessment of new cases is required. This investigation illustrates diverse ultrastructural, light microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. These features are related to each other and to the biological behaviour of renal rhabdoid tumours, and six extra-renal lesions with rhabdoid features obtained from the Pathology Archives of the Red Cross Children's Hospital and Groote Schuur Hospital. In this series primitive epithelial elements are a dominant feature, but ultrastructural features of one renal rumour suggest diverse differentiation. The extra-renal lesions investigated include three undifferentiated rhabdoid lesions, a primitive neuro-ectodermal tumour, a malignant epithelioid Schwannoma and a possible undifferentiated hepatocellular carcinoma; all showing areas of extensive rhabdoid differentiation. Pseudo-rhabdoid cells in an additional two cases were also examined. These particular tumours were a nephroblastoma and a fibro-lamellar carcinoma of the liver. These rhabdoid tumour mimics were ultrastructurally different from true rhabdoid cells. Strong immunohistochemical co-expression of Vimentin and cytokeratin in rhabdoid tumour cell inclusions has been noted by previous investigators. (Vogel, 1984) (Gansler, 1991), (Berry, 1992). We speculate that the predominant line of differentiation in renal rhabdoid tumours is epithelial although, as in nephroblastoma multiple lines of differentiation may occur. The extra-renal lesions appear to represent more than one entity, but once again epithelial or neuro-epithelial differentiation appears to be present. Ultrastructural examination is a more useful investigation than immunohistochemistry because of inherent non-specific uptake of antibodies by the filamentous cytoplasmic inclusions.
- ItemOpen AccessThe effects of HIV-1 infection on subcortical brain structures in children receiving ART : a structural MRI study(2015) Randall, Steven Ronald; Meintjes, Ernesta M; Warton, ChristopherINTRODUCTION This project investigated volumetric differences in certain subcortical structures as measured on high-resolution structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans traced manually. The sample comprised 79 5-year old children, 52 with HIV and 27 uninfected controls. Infected children were all stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and were from the Children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) cohort who have been followed since birth. The study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of HIV and ART on the developing brain. While high-resolution structural data has been analysed using automated FreeSurfer to determine volume and cortical thickness, manual tracing remains the gold standard. Thus, manual tracing was used to validate automated measures and investigate subtle group differences in selected regions of interest. METHODS Extensive clinical data were available for all participants in the study. MR images were AC-PC transformed and converted to analyse format. Structures were traced using MultiTracer software. Structures selected included the caudate, nucleus accumbens (NA), putamen (Pu), globus pallidus (GP) and corpus callosum (CC). Four of these structures occur bilaterally. Tracing was performed in 79 subjects. Three subjects were excluded due to poor quality images or pathology; 5 HIV-1 infected children were excluded as they were not randomized between treatment groups. Certain subjects were retraced for inter and intrarater reliabilities. The effect and association of ethnicity, age, birthweight and sex as possible confounders were investigated. As the groups were not well matched for ethnicity, all Cape Coloured children were excluded from further analyses. Analysis of variance was used to test the effect on structure size between HIV-1 infected children and controls, as well as between 3 treatment arms (ART deferred until clinical criteria were met, early ART for 40 weeks, early ART for 96 weeks) and uninfected controls. Analysis of covariance was used to control for the possible confounding effects of sex and age. Each structure was tested for possible association with clinical variables (CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio and CD4%) both at enrolment and time of scanning. Linear regressions were modelled using clinical variables that showed significant correlation with structure size whilst controlling for covariates. Congruence between automated FreeSurfer and manual segmentation were evaluated via Bland-Altman, Pearson r and Cronbach's alpha.
- ItemOpen AccessEndomyocardial biopsy diagnosis of acute cardiac allograft rejection(1991) Hunt, James Barrie; Rose, A GThe aims of the present investigation are fourfold: (i) to review the range of non-invasive methods that may be used to diagnose acute cardiac allograft rejection; (ii) to review the use of the bioptome in sampling the donor heart endomyocardium; (iii) to review the light microscopic and histological grading of acute cardiac rejection; (iv) to characterise the mononuclear populations in endomyocardial biopsy samples and correlate the findings with the light microscopic appearances of the same biopsy specimens.