Browsing by Department "African Languages and Literatures"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 54
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    A comparative study of the ideophone in Sotho
    (1951) Guma, Samson Mbizo
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    A critical analysis of the Kiba (song-dance-drama) discourse
    (2003) Galane, Sello; Kaschula, Russell
    1 Aim The aim of the research is to map out the theoretical construct of Kiba from practice. The analysis includes the mapping out of the metalanguage of the theory used by its practitioners. Therefore the research will map out a theory of Kiba not as a generic hypothetical theory of music and dance, but as a theory that describes actual performance. The research aims to achieve this not only through the description of what practitioners do in actual performance, but also through analysing the language behaviour and principles that govern the making of the performance discourse. The research will also look into the dynamic nature of culture and the challenges of ownership and rights that emerge. The analysis starts by tracing social practices and ethics that influence dance, drumming, music making, praise, and design of costume used in contemporary Kiba. It also looks at compositional structures, aesthetic elements, and principles governing the communicative competence of Kiba. The research presents the texts in Sepedi with English translations. It focuses on the description and analysis of principles governing the production and management of the discourse. Though the analysis focuses on the communicative function and value of Kiba, its main thrust is on principles that govern the making of the integral communication. The researcher uses mainly the performers' interpretation of the Kiba performance theory, as well as approaches to the analysis of cultural context of communication espoused by Hymes (1970) and Saville-Troike (1989). 2 Hypothesis If Kiba practice theory is not developed, then Kiba will not find access into the mainstream of Arts and Culture curricula at all levels of education. The chances of it competing successfully in economic markets of the Arts and Culture will not see the light of day. 3 Methods and procedures Kiba is a complex genre. The analysis of its performance discourse, that is, its dance-drama and praise-song of Kiba requires an interdisciplinary approach. This will be particularly useful in the analysis of the dance sequence structure with its dramatic effect, and of the principles governing the choices of repertoire and music elements. Barber (1989:13) supports this approach for the analysis of complex genres. She points out that: There is an obvious and very good reason for taking an interdisciplinary approach to African oral texts, and that is that the texts themselves can combine 'literature', 'history', 'music', 'religion' and other things. The unity of these fields within oral texts suggests that the method of interpretation should also be unified. Rather than collaboration between specialists from different disciplines, what is needed is the reintegration of an artificially divided field. It is crucial to state from the outset that the research does not perceive Kiba as music or art, but as a way of lived communication and it echoes the observation made by Agawu (2002: 452) that: ... in many African languages, there is no single word for 'music' that the term is semantically dispersed across many fields often indexing dancing or movement as well as the actual sound produced. However, since the overall vehicle of a Kiba performance is presented in songdance, the research will trace the 'musical' and not the 'music' elements of Kiba. Nevertheless it does make a conscious effort to strike a balance between the musical, literary, dance, and the philosophical. iii In Sepedi as well as the broad Sotho languages, the word for music is 'mmino'. This refers to both song and dance. This concept will be represented in the research as 'song-dance'. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach to the study of Kiba will prove to be more useful than an approach to music or just dance elements of Kiba. An analysis of the co-operative principles that underpin the Kiba discourse, and the cultural and compositional elements of Kiba will form part of the interdisciplinary approach to the study of Kiba. The research will also use elements of sociolinguistics, cantometrics, ethnomethodology and ethnomusicology to analyse Kiba discourse. iv 4 Procedures: focus areas of the research The entire inquiry obtained data from participants through unstructured interviews and observation of the language behaviour of Kiba interlocutors. Observation and interviews were carried out in ten villages. The basic questions and the researcher's observation of live performance of Kiba focused on the three main areas of the research: compositional structure, aesthetic elements, and principles governing the actual performance. The latter refers to the norms and standards of interaction in, and interpretation of, Kiba discourse. The basic questions that are asked are: Definition of Kiba □ Kiba ke eng?I What is Kiba? ✓ A Kiba ke ya banna goba ke ya basadi?l ls Kiba a male or female genre? ✓ A Kiba ke ya baswa goba ke ya batho ba bagolo? /Is Kiba a youth or adult genre? Compositional and aesthetic elements: □ Ge le bina Kiba le dira eng? I What are the structural elements of Kiba? □ Mekgwa ya go natefisa kosa ke efe? /What are the ways of embellishing a song? □ Diletso tse di diriswago mo Kibeng ke dife? I What resources are used in the Kiba communication system? Which principles govern actual performance communication? Examine the following: □ Poledisano le kgolagano ya kosa magareng a malokwane le sehlopha, le magareng ga sehlopha le babogedi goba setshaba? I The discourse structure of the Kiba intra-communication system: analysis of the intercommunication strategies between the Kiba participants as addressers and an individual or a community as addressee(s). V □ A Kiba ke ya Bapedi goba ke Sepedi? Is Kiba a genre of the Bapedi or is it Sepedi? Translated texts appear beneath the original texts. Original texts appear in italics, while translations are typed in normal font as Mason (interview: Washington DC, June 1997) advises. Vernacular names and words are used and explained in context. Single word expressions and exclamations have been retained and their explanations are given in square brackets. A glossary of terms has been provided at the end of the thesis. 5 Abbreviated thesis Accompanying the research is an audio-visual presentation that shows the · prototype of an integral and fully expanded discourse of Kiba. The video is intended to help the reader and viewer to understand performance nuances of dance, drumming, voice technique, and the use of colour. The audiovisual excerpt of an exemplary performance of Kiba is provided as annexure 4. The latter is an authentic text that shows a royal ensemble, led by Chief Ramokgopa during his official visit to the royal capital of Moletsi on 1 January 1999. The excerpt shows every aspect of Kiba raised by the research. vi There are also accompanying compact discs, which reveal the conscious attempt to further develop Kiba into a modern competitive format called FreeKiba. (See the copies of the themes presented in annexure I, and the two CDs that are provided as part of annexure 4). Agawu (2002:47) perceives this kind of an adaptation as progressive in that it is premised on the agenda of the emancipation of African music. He puts it succinctly: The emancipation of African music begins precisely at the point where our priorities shift from valuing present realities to constructing future possibilities. This view is also held by Nzewi (1980, 1983). 6 Conclusion The research will use ethnomusicology to analyse participants' use of song, dance, drama, drumming and praise-singing as integral constituents of Kiba. To analyse the Kiba discourse structure, the research will use the 'ethnography of communication method. The method is useful in the analysis principles governing the appropriateness of lived communication (Hymes 1964). It also requires principles of ethnomethodology to be used to 'discover what methods [Kiba] practitioners use to participate in and make sense of interactions of their
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    A feminist critique of the image of woman in the prose works of selected Xhosa writers (1909 - 1980)
    (1990) Mtuze, Peter Tshobiso; Satyo, Sizwe C
    The study examines, from a feminist point of view, the stereotypic image of woman in Xhosa prose fiction from pre-literate times to the era of written literature (1909 - 1980). Attaching feminist critical theory to conventional literary characterisation gives this pioneering study a human dime,n sion that is bound to rejuvenate traditional critical appredation and highlight the tremendous power of art to reflect or parallel real-life experiences. Consequently, the study transcends the confines of traditional literary criticism. It throws interdisciplinary light on the African feminist dilemma over the past 70 years while focusing on gender stereotyping as a characterisation technique. Chapter 1 clearly demarcates the scope of study and the critical position adopted, while chapter 2 traces stereotypes back to Xhosa folk-tales. In this way, an interesting link or parallel in stereotyping between oral and written literature is highlighted. It is worth pointing out that Chapter 3 is significant in that no women writers' works produced in the first and the second decades have survived. The male writers of the period describe women in strict stereotypic fashion, without fear of contradiction, from Woman as Eve to Woman as Witch, among other archetypal images. The female stereotypic image in the third and the fourth decades, the role of the first two female novelists and the early seeds of female. resistance to male domination, are discussed. in Chapter 4 while Chapter 5 highlights the depiction of female characters by male and female prose writers in the Fifties, culminating in Mzamane's exposure of glaring anti-female social norms and practices. In Chapter 6 the spotlight is cast on the woman of the Sixties and the rise of active resistance to male dominance. Some contemporary women, as pointed out in Chapter 7, have crossed the Rubicon in diverse ways. They are assertive, independent, proactive and relentlessly opposed to male dominance. Chapter 8 sums up the main points in relation to the Xhosa woman's attitude towards Western feminism: while many Xhosa women feel justifiably unhappy about male dominance, they refuse to let their frustrations affect their unity with men in the greater struggle against racism. Although the study concludes on an anti-climactic note for Western feminists, it focuses on this crucial and unique distinction between Western and black feminism.
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    A phonological and grammatical study of literary Xhosa.
    (1956) Jordan, A C
    This is a Ph.D. thesis
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    A study of transitivity in Xhosa
    (1995) Jama, Zukile; Satyo, S C
    This study is an explicit description of transitivity in Xhosa. The introductory chapter {Chapter One) outlines relevant theories relating to the issue of transitivity. The controversies surrounding transitivity and grammatical relations in general are noted. Special emphasis is put on Hopper and Thompson 1980's study. Different opinions from linguists across languages of the world as well as African linguists are assessed and evaluated. The debate revolves around their adequate/inadequate handling of the problem of transitivity. Emphasis is here put on main declarative sentences although it is acknowledged that language • cannot be described nor understood without its communicative intent. Chomsky's idea of autonomous syntax is here found suspect and this study yields more towards pragmatics. Most of the discussions is persued along the following lines: noncontroversial issues, controversial issues and tentative solutions, unresolved problems and verb extension suffixes as devices for either increasing or decreasing transitivity and therefore posing a theoretical problem. A solution is extracted from J.L. Taylor (1991)'s study which secures a polysemous relationship among constructions. general theoretical controversies suggests that controversies exist theoretical levels. This chapter also handles in grammar and at theoretical therefore and preThe second chapter is a sequel to Chapter One and provides further discussions of the transitivity components and updates them by introducing the notion of control and ability and the speaker's perspectivization of grammatical material. It is concluded here that these are crucial transitivity notions and that the morpho-syntactic reflexes of transitivity are discourse conditioned. The third chapter is a discussion of the different verbal categories in Xhosa. There is an indepth discussion of controversial issues such as locative nouns, body parts and instrumentals. Morphological marking is assumed to be significant in this regard and is related to the pragmatic use of language. It is concluded here that a binary classification of verbs into a clear cut transitive intransitive dichotomy is unacceptable. Chapter Four handles the question of verb extension and divides them into two groups. The transitivizing ones and intransitivizing ones and the implication thereof for transitivity. The theoretical problems posed by verb extension by either augmenting or diminishing transitivity is evaluated and it is suggested that if grammatical relations are seen as a continuum, and within polysemy (meaning relatedness}, this presents few or no problems. Verb extension is also seen as a productive process but which is linked to pragmatic use of language. Chapter Five links the issue of transitivity with specialized meaning. It is an expansion of the last four chapters and eliminates cases left unclear in these preceding chapters. The chapter starts by giving philosophical definitions of meaning and relates semantic conceptualization with pragmatic factors. It is concluded here that syntactic structures should be seen as instantiations of pragmatic options. Chapter Six is the last chapter and conclusion. It sums up the issues raised in the last five chapters and the standpoints taken in this dissertation. It is concluded that transitivity is a property of clauses than verbs, and that it is discourse determined. Lastly it is proposed that Hopper and Thompson's theory needs updating. In this instance the concepts of control and ability as well as meaning relatedness amongst constructions are introduced.
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    An analysis of the challenges with respect to attaining equivalence in translation of literature pertaining to Sexually Transmitted Diseases from English into Xitsonga
    (2012) Hlongwani, Given Jacqe; Alexander, Neville
    Translation has been a practice that has assisted many languages the world over to develop to become languages of power. The purpose of this project was to elicit some translation challenges that translators face when translating from English into Xitsonga. It is not easy to translate a document in which the domain has not been explored because the translator has to juggle with terminology which does not exist in the indigenous language. In this project, I have made an attempt to use different theories that can guide us when we encounter a lemma which does not exist in the target language. The challenges that are faced by one indigenous language in South Africa in language development through translation are the same as for most other indigenous languages.
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    An analysis of the social vision of post-independence Zimbabwean writers with special reference to Shona and Ndebele poetry
    (1998) Gambahaya, Zifikile; Satyo, S C
    This dissertation analyses creative trends in Shona and Ndebele poetry published after the attainment of political independence in 1980. The research tries to establish the close link between poems in the two national languages and post-independence Zimbabwean history in order to examine the link between creative writing and nationalism, which is the context in which creativity takes place, an attempt is made to outline major trends in nationalist history vis-a-vis colonialism. Having set the background for analysis, the research focuses on texts that are published in the context of the apparent cultural renaissance that is ushered by the apparent victory of African nationalism over colonialism. The texts are analysed in the context of the dialectic of nationalism and colonialism.
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    Beyond 2000: Sharpening the focus on the indigenous languages
    (2008) Nyamende, Abner
    This article is intended to stimulate intense discussions on the issue of the indigenous languages in South Africa. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa stipulates that the South African indigenous languages are historically disadvantaged, and therefore extra effort should be applied to elevate their status and to advance their usage. The Bill of Rights stipulates that everyone has a right to use the language of his/her choice. This, therefore, means that the development of the indigenous languages is fully backed by our country's constitution. The Pan South African Language Board has given us correct guidelines towards developing our indigenous languages. In developing our indigenous languages we should observe language ownership, language diffusion and language empowerment.
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    Building freeways: piloting communication skills in additional languages to health service personnel in Cape Town, South Africa
    (BioMed Central, 2017-06-07) Claassen, Joel; Jama, Zukile; Manga, Nayna; Lewis, Minnie; Hellenberg, Derek
    Background: This study reflects on the development and teaching of communication skills courses in additional national languages to health care staff within two primary health care facilities in Cape Town, South Africa. These courses were aimed at addressing the language disparities that recent research has identified globally between patients and health care staff. Communication skills courses were offered to staff at two Metropolitan District Health Services clinics to strengthen patient access to health care services. This study reflects on the communicative proficiency in the additional languages that were offered to health care staff. Methods: A mixed-method approach was utilised during this case study with quantitative data-gathering through surveys and qualitative analysis of assessment results. The language profiles of the respective communities were assessed through data obtained from the South African National census, while staff language profiles were obtained at the health care centres. Quantitative measuring, by means of a patient survey at the centres, occurred on a randomly chosen day to ascertain the language profile of the patient population. Participating staff performed assessments at different phases of the training courses to determine their skill levels by the end of the course. Results: The performances of the participating staff during the Xhosa and Afrikaans language courses were assessed, and the development of the staff communicative competencies was measured. Health care staff learning the additional languages could develop Basic or Intermediate Xhosa and Afrikaans that enables communication with patients. Conclusions: In multilingual countries such as South Africa, language has been recognised as a health care barrier preventing patients from receiving quality care. Equipping health care staff with communication skills in the additional languages, represents an attempt to bridge a vital barrier in the South African health care system. The study proves that offering communication skills courses in additional languages, begins to equip health care staff to be multilingual, that allows patients to communicate about their illnesses within their mother tongues.
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    A comparative study of the portrayal of characters in A.C. Jordan's The wrath of the ancestors, Modikwe Dikobe's The marabi dance and G.B. Sinxo's Unojayiti wam
    (1991) Nyamende, Abner; Satyo, Sizwe C
    The characters encountered in The wrath of the ancestors, The Marabi dance and Unojayiti wam bear on an African identity, and they reflect a purely African conception of life. The "Africanness" of their outlook can only be determined when measured against the real life African socio-cultural background. Therefore, as a starting point in this study, I has been essential to explore the various debates about African literature, in an attempt to reveal any common factors that can be used as the basis for a study of the portrayal of characters in this field.
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    Country and city: a study of autobiographical tropes in Ncumisa Vapi's novel Litshona limpume
    (2012) Macabela, Monwabisi Victor; Dowling, Tessa
    The title of this thesis, Country and City - Autobiographical tropes in Ncumisa Vapi's Litshona Liphume arises out of a complex understanding of the author's narrative and literary intentions. Country refers to the fact that the story is set in a specifically named rural area in the Eastern Cape in the late 1960s and early 1970s. City on the other hand does not refer to any particular city, but is rather a symbol of changed and challenge, of opportunity and wealth but also of a world view deficient in tradition and spiritual connection with the land and the ancestors.
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    A critical exposition of historicism and implicit activism in Elundini Lothukela
    (2000) Kwetana, Washington Mntuwoxolo; Satyo, S C
    It is the gentle but sharp manner of refutation of negative labels that early Europeans, through negative and undermining othering, attached to the Nguni in South Africa, that was investigated and discovered in this novel, that the author of this thesis is putting under the spotlight here. This thesis seeks to demonstrate that this novel is one radiant example of typical combative, counter-hegemonic, and engage works in Xhosa literature, the kind of resistance and indictment literature where the message on national liberation lies embedded in its and groundwork; in it we see graphic reflections of the pre-colonial Nguni Indigenes in South Africa, their admirable and glorious which manifested itself in a virile political pattern, orderly social-religious systems, and structured industrial practices. We use these aspects to reinforce our exposition of this novel as a work of art that refutes all negative labels that were attached to the Nguni Indigenes.
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    Decolonising the media : the use of indigenous African languages in South African television advertisements
    (2015) Grier, Lara Anne; Dowling, Tessa; Smouse, Mantoa
    Advertisements in African languages are generally confined to radio, and in that medium are factual, dialogic and direct. When used in television advertising, however, South Africa’s indigenous languages play a less informative role, being employed rather to index a concretised African essence, African identity, urban style, or a particular reified postapartheid togetherness and cultural mobility. In this dissertation I analyse six television advertisements, all using African languages or language varieties, broadcast over the years starting 2010 through to 2014. I reflect on how and why the African language is used and to what extent African languages are no longer seen by television advertisers as carriers of information but as exploitable symbols of trustworthiness, multiculturalism, belonging and innovation. Methodology includes interviews with agencies, sociolinguistic analyses of the varieties used, detail on brands and products represented by the language and a small pilot study with viewers to ascertain their responses to the six selected advertisements.
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    The detective novel in Zulu : form and theme in C.T. Msimang's Walivuma Icala
    (2001) Masondo, Meshack M; Kaschula, Russell
    Includes bibliographical references.
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    Eastern Shona : a comparative dialect study
    (1970) Borland, C H
    In this paper, the speech patterns of eleven individuals living in the Eastern half of Rhodesia are described and compared. Each individual was selected as being representative of a number of localities described in the map below. The first part of the paper is concerned with the abstraction of comparable linguistic units from the dialects. These units are abstracted at various levels of analysis and unit categories include phonemes, tonemes, morphophonemes, tonomorphemes and morphemes. Each unit category is described in relation to the general structural framework of the dialects established by a sentence analysis. The units so abstracted and described constitute the distinctive attributes of each dialect. In part two the dialects are compared and classified by computer according to their correspondence to approximately one thousand selected properties.
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    Educational implications of nonstandard varieties of Xhosa
    (1998) Sigcau, Nompucuko Eurica; Gxilishe, D S
    This study aims: (i) to find out if language interference and language change would cause the students to fail Xhosa. The response of schools to this situation will be investigated and an attempt will be made to understand the dichotomy that exists in spoken and written Xhosa. (ii) to look at the implications on nonstandard Xhosa of sociolinguistic factors such as attitudes, language policies, communicative influence of the mass media, and language use in multilingual societies. (iii) to examine the effects of 'dialects' of Xhosa on standard Xhosa. (vi) to investigate the causes of this apparent lack of learners' interest towards learning Xhosa. (iv) to assess the contribution of language planners towards remedying the situation.
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    An examination of the socio-political undercurrents in Mqhayi's novel Ityala lamawele
    (1992) Dikeni, Clifford; Satyo, S C
    Mqhayi, a Xhosa writer of the early 1900's is able to deconstruct the black and white dichotomy by using the twins as depicting some characteristics of black and white culture. The dissertation thus examines the way in which Mqhayi presents this dichotomy. He manipulates literary forms in order to articulate specific cultural attitudes which were dominant then. Xhosa writers at this time, being entirely dependent on the technologies provided by the missionaries, were forced to use metaphorical devices in order to avoid heavy censorship from the missionaries who were prescriptive and would not accept any book which they considered to be political, their main interest being in books which had a religious theme. The novel, Ityala Lamawele, coincides with some of the major political moods of its time. It is fully socialized and is absorbed directly into the dominant patterns of thought, mood and outlook of the moment from which it emerges. It addresses in a very subtle manner the socio-political conditions in which the Black people found themselves.
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    The forms, functions and techniques of Xhosa humour
    (1996) Dowling, Tessa; Satyo, S C; Gowlett, Derek F
    In this thesis I examine the way in which Xhosa speakers create humour, what forms (e.g. satire, irony, punning, parody) they favour in both oral and textual literature, and the genres in which these forms are delivered and executed. The functions of Xhosa humour, both during and after apartheid, are examined, as is its role in challenging, contesting and reaffirming traditional notions of society and culture. The particular techniques Xhosa comedians and comic writers use in order to elicit humour are explored with specific reference to the way in which the phonological complexity of this language is exploited for humorous effect. Oral literature sources include collections of praise poems, folktales and proverbs, while anecdotal humour is drawn from recent interviews conducted with domestic workers. My analysis of humour in literary texts initially focuses on the classic works of G.B. Sinxo and S.M. Burns-Ncamashe, and then goes on to refer to contemporary works such as those of P.T. Mtuze. The study on the techniques of Xhosa humour uses as its theoretical base Walter Nash's The language of humour (1985), while that on the functions of Xhosa humour owes much to the work of sociologists such as Michael Mulkay and Chris Powell and George E.C. Paton. The study reveals the fact that Xhosa oral humour is personal and playful - at times obscene - but can also be critical. In texts it explores the comedy of characters as well as the irony of socio-political realities. In both oral and textual discourses the phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics of Xhosa are exploited to create a humour which is richly patterned and finely crafted. In South Africa humour often served to liberate people from the oppressive atmosphere of apartheid. At the same time humour has always had a stabilizing role in Xhosa cultural life, providing a means of controlling deviants and misfits.
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    Gender and humour; Complexities of women's image politics in Shona humourous narratives
    (2017) Masowa, Angeline; Nyamende, Abner; Mberi, Nhira Edgar
    Humour represents an ideal site for understanding how everyday social dynamics influence ideology and the social structure (Sue & Golash-Boza, 2013:4). This research is an examination of how gender is expressed in Shona humour. Particular emphasis is paid to how women are presented in Shona humorous narratives. Though 'what a person does in a jest is usually not accorded the same weight of responsibility as what he does seriously, humour provides a means to test the openness, accessibility, and riskiness of sensitive issues' (Lang & Lee, 2010:47). This study examines how women in particular, are reflected in Shona humour. Humour provides a 'safe' climate for expressing 'system-justifying' beliefs, (Ford et al. 2013), and this study is an exploration of the Shona beliefs about women and the reinforcement of gender norms as expressed in Shona humour. The study derives impetus from the fact that while images of women have been studied in literary and lexicographic works in Shona in particular, aspects of humour and how it presents women remain largely under-studied, as humour studies as a discipline, despite its long history the world over, is still at its infancy in Zimbabwe. From a corpus of jokes that were circulated on the social media, particularly Facebook and WhatsApp, the study examines how women are presented in Shona humour. The research made use of the Superiority Theory of humour, Incongruity and Feminism to argue that Shona humour expresses oppressive and unjust gender relations. While the humorous Shona narratives demonstrate a complex portrayal of women, generally, Shona humour expresses, ratifies and reinforces repressive norms and restrictive stereotypes about women. Women are presented as immoral, malicious and intellectually, socially and emotionally inferior to men. The study therefore argues that humour facilitates the process of promoting gender stereotypes as well as fostering gender discrimination in Shona.
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    Gender-konstruksies in die afrikaanse letterkunde : 'n ondersoek in kultuurstudies, litterêre teorie en kreatiewe skryfwerk
    (2000) Hambidge, Joan; Snyman, H.J.
    This thesis argues that gender is a construct or a choice. The different gender positions (feminisms, masculinities, homosexualities et al.) are read against modem literary theory. When applicable a particular theory is tested from a creative perspective. The outset of the thesis is metafictional and selfreflexive seeing that the thesis sets out to "test" theory and to undermine the stereotypical notion that theory and creative writing belong to different disciplines. Thus the reader is presented with a deconstructive thesis or a text which challenges the notion of modem theory and cultural studies. Representation, clothes, primordiality, humour, the internet, the media, films, "pulp" fiction and "high" literature are analysed and blended in this thesis to comment on the developments in modem literary theory: structuralism to post structuralism. The influence of the internet is discussed in a chapter. The thesis comments on the value of inter-disciplinary work and programmes. Psychoanalytic and (post)structuralist theories are blended with creative texts to undermine the notion that gender is a mere biological or given position. The conventional boundaries of a literary thesis is thus challenged and the thesis argues that critical texts and creative texts rely on this interactive reading.