Browsing by Author "van Horen, Clive"

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    The cost of power : externalities in South Africa's energy sector
    (1996) van Horen, Clive
    The long-awaited birth of political democracy in South Africa in 1994 has led to a fundamental re-assessment of policy in most sectors of society. Although the energy sector has witnessed a clrar shift away from the self-sufficiency concerns of the apartheid era, to more universal goals of economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability, there has, as yet, been very little analysis of problems at the energy-environment interface. In this context, this thesis investigates environmental externalities arising in South Africa's energy sector. Two questions are posed: first and foremost, which environmental problems give rise to the most significant social costs? Secondarily, how helpful is an environmental economic analysis in this context? With respect to the first question, it is hypothesised that the external costs arising from two sectors are significant: the electricity generation sector, and the low-income, unelectrified household sector. Of these two, it is suggested that externalities in the latter are most serious. After reviewing the literature on externalities and environmental valuation, the thesis undertakes an empirical investigation of external costs in both energy sub-sectors. A classification system is developed and used to select those externalities in each sector which are potentially serious and regarding which there is sufficient information for quantification purposes. After reviewing a larger number of impacts, data are collected from both published and unpublished sources for four environmental externalities in the electricity sector, and six in the household sector.
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    Electrification financing and tariffs: international literature review
    (1993) Eberhard, Anton; Mountain, Bruce; Pickering, Mark; van Horen, Clive
    This report was commissioned by the National Electrification Forum (NELF}. It is a review of international experience in electricity pricing, funding and financial management. The purpose of the report is to assess how these issues have affected electrification programmes in developing countries and to draw conclusions which will assist NELF in establishing appropriate electricity pricing and financing policies for South Africa. A successful electrification programme which enables widened access to electricity is ultimately dependent on the creation and maintenance of a financially viable electricity distribution industry. Financial viability is, in tum, crucially dependent on appropriate pricing and financing policies and financial management practices. The report is based on an extensive review of international literature. The review of electricity pricing commences with a discussion on pricing policies, the principles of economic efficiency and marginal cost-based prices. Some of the difficulties of this approach are highlighted, and additional, often more pressing, pricing objectives are noted, including the imperative of prices which will allow financial viability and prices which will achieve greater equity. Actual practice in developing countries is then examined with regard to tariff levels and structures. Tariff levels are compared with long run marginal costs, generally being much lower in developing countries. The tariff structures discussed include inclining block, single flat rate, two-part, unmetered and time-of-use tariffs. The question of subsidies is raised as well as the problems of implementing equitable life-line tariffs.
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    Energy and environmental challenges in Southern Africa: The case of South Africa
    (1995) Mammon, Nisa; Simmonds, Gillian; van Horen, Clive
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    Energy poverty in South Africa: widening access to basic energy services
    (1993) van Horen, Clive; Afrane-Okese, Yaw; Eberhard, Anton; Trollip, Hilton; Williams, Anthony
    This report contains a description and analysis of the current energy consumption patterns of poor households in South Africa, and proposes a range of policies which can improve significantly the access of the poor to adequate and affordable energy services. It draws on the work of the Energy Policy Research and Training Project, a two-year policy research project involving some twenty person-years of effort, being conducted at the Energy for Development Research Centre (EDRC).
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    Low-smoke fuels as a solution to household air pollutions problems: A synthesis of current research
    (1995) Dickson, Bruce; van Horen, Clive; Williams, Anthony
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    Market interventions to promote low smoke fuels
    (1995) van Horen, Clive; Dickson, Bruce; Simonds, Gillian
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    New imperatives for energy policy in South Africa
    (1994) Eberhard, Anton; van Horen, Clive
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    Sustainable financing of electrification in South Africa
    (1998) van Horen, Clive; Thompson, Bee
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