Browsing by Author "Simon, Jaziitha"

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    Open Access
    Improvement of the approaches to monitoring of reinforced concrete bridges subjected to chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in bridge management systems
    (2022) Simon, Jaziitha; Beushausen, Hans; Otieno, Mike
    Reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) bridges has undeniably become the main cause of civil infrastructure durability problems in many countries. The steel reinforcing in concrete corrode when certain conditions (e.g., carbonation, chlorides, insufficient cover and moisture) are met. Even though RC bridges are built to provide a service over a specified period, their serviceability changes over time due to gradual deterioration. In the marine environment, this deterioration is mainly caused by the ingress of chlorides in concrete, which results in chlorideinduced steel corrosion. Thus, effective maintenance and management are needed to ensure the functionality of bridges throughout their designed service life. Bridge management systems (BMSs) are effective means for managing bridges throughout their design life. BMSs require the collection of data related to the condition of the bridge for decision making. South Africa uses the Struman BMS to assess and prioritise bridges for maintenance and repair. The system solely relies on visual inspection as a basis for the identification of deterioration processes and bridge condition rating. However, visual inspections do not allow detection of rebar corrosion until damage has occurred; and once the damage has occurred, it becomes very costly to repair. Thus, this research focuses on identifying available reinforcement corrosion monitoring methods that can be used for condition assessment to supplement visual inspections in the Struman BMS. The research involved reviewing different BMSs with the emphasis on their structure, application, and assessment methodology. The review of various BMSs used in the USA, Canada, UK and Southern Africa shows that while BMSs differ, they all assess the risk of failure and prioritise bridges for repair within limited budgets. Focusing on the Struman BMS, shortcomings with respect to the monitoring of reinforcement corrosion were identified. It was found that the condition ratings of RC bridges are based on visible defects assessed during visual inspections, which is still the dominant method used for bridge inspection. There exists a lack of integration of appropriate monitoring systems in the BMS, especially with regards to the monitoring of reinforcement corrosion. Available corrosion monitoring methods were critically reviewed based on their principles, applications, and technical aspects. These corrosion monitoring methods were categorised into visual inspections, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), and remote monitoring methods. It became evident that monitoring technologies are continuously evolving and that the progress achieved to date is promising. However, further development is needed when using these methods in the BMSs for condition assessment, particularly in the continuous monitoring of bridges. The use of these modern technologies will allow earlier detection of problems and hence support sound maintenance and damage prevention. This is expected to simultaneously reduce the costs needed for maintenance and repair. In addition, modern monitoring methods have the potential to enhance the speed and scope of condition assessments, to provide reliable and wide-ranging data, and to reduce traffic interruptions when taking measurements. An integrated approach is proposed based on applying corrosion monitoring methods as a supplement to visual inspections in the Struman BMS. Integrating these methods with the existing approach to bridge management is expected to compensate for the limitations of the Struman BMS and enhance its capability. The proposed approach involves identifying bridges that need to be assessed (new or existing bridges). Selecting monitoring methods for new bridges based on the needs and the type of data that need to be collected from bridges, and existing bridges based on the past assessment data and visual inspection. Monitoring is proposed to incorporate periodic and permanent monitoring. The former includes NDT measurements using any selected methods, and the latter includes installing sensor systems in new and existing bridges. Condition ratings are defined for monitored parameters, including corrosion risk (from corrosion potentials and electrical resistivity), corrosion rate, pulse velocity, defective areas (from the presence of cracks and delamination), moisture content and visual inspection. Other corrosion-related parameters considered include chloride content, cover depth measurement and monitoring time to corrosion onset. The obtained data from visual inspection and corrosion monitoring methods are then holistically analysed and interpreted to obtain integrated condition ratings, which are used to rate the condition of the bridge and its various RC elements. Consequently, this approach is expected to assist in prioritising critical bridges for repair and maintenance. Lastly, recommendations are provided related to a comprehensive study on the implementation of available reinforcement corrosion monitoring methods for the monitoring of in-service bridges. The findings of this research also need to be taken forward by an experienced bridge inspector to help develop practical guidelines for applying corrosion monitoring methods in the Struman BMS.
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    Open Access
    The viability of using gold mine tailings as a substitute for fine aggregate in concrete mixes
    (2025) Gani, Saajidah Abdool Rehman; Beushausen, Hans-Dieter; Simon, Jaziitha
    Urbanization has caused an increase in demand for building materials, some of which requires mined natural resources. These materials produce large volumes of mining wastes (also known as tailings) which have environmental and economic implications. This research investigates the potential of recycling gold mine tailings from the Witwatersrand region as a substitute for fine aggregates in concrete. Laboratory experiments were used to determine the physical properties, such as density and particle size distribution (PSD) and compare these physical properties with the other conventional fine aggregates used in this research, as well as the impact on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete mixes made using Gold mine tailings, focusing on the compressive strength. Gold mine tailings were found to have comparable PSD and fineness modulus to Philippi dune sand, although they contained a higher proportion of fine particles. Concrete mixes using varying replacement ratios of Philippi dune sand with Gold mine tailings were tested. Results indicated that at 28 days, all mixes achieved at least 76% of the reference mix strength. However, higher replacement ratios consistently reduced compressive strength due to increased water demand and resulted in a reduced cohesiveness at the cement-paste interface. Oxygen Permeability Index tests showed excellent results, suggesting low permeability. While the research confirms that replacing fine aggregates with Gold mine tailings results in decreased compressive strength and workability, literature suggests that a partial replacement of fine aggregate with other mine tailings may be possible. Further studies are recommended to determine the chemical composition of other mine tailings, the environmental impacts of using mine tailings in this manner, legislative frameworks, and economic viability to optimize the use of mine tailings in construction.