OpenUCT :: Browsing by Author "Ntsebeza, Lungisile"

Browsing by Author "Ntsebeza, Lungisile"

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Open Access
Development aid in South Africa : a contribution or impediment to poverty alleviation?
(2007) Van Zonneveld, Annette Y; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
South Africa has been experiencing steady economic growth since 1994, but is increasingly battling with development issues such as persisting poverty and growing socio-economic inequality. This apparent contradiction is part of the complex South African development landscape in which development aid has gradually shifted from being transitional to a stable factor in development processes. Possible limitations and potential of development aid are set out by the dominating schools of thought; mainstream, neo-liberal, and radical left. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate if and how development aid contributes to poverty alleviation in South Africa according to the theoretical and historical arguments of these schools of thought.
Open Access
Lahla Ngubo : the continuities and discontinuities of a South African Black middle class
(2012) Mabandla, Nkululeko; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
This study contributes to our understanding of the trajectories of South Africa’s historical black middle class - a class which is defined by access to education, and resulting occupational opportunities, as well as access to land. The middle class under study is a particular black middle class that established itself in Mthatha in the former Transkei Bantustan from 1908 onwards, when the Mthatha municipality needed a new and safe source of fresh drinking water and sold land to both black and white buyers in order to finance the so-called Umtata Water Scheme. This allowed the accumulation of land in the hands of a hitherto largely occupationally-based, mission-educated black middle class. The way in which this particular landed middle class has reproduced and transformed itself from the around 1900 to the present is the focus of the analysis.
Open Access
Land and changing social relations in South Africa's former reserves : the case of Luphaphasi in Sakhisizwe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape.
(2013) Ncapayi, Fani; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
Open Access
The Land Question in South Africa: the challenge of transformation and distribution
(2010) Ntsebeza, Lungisile; Hall, Ruth
Since the advent of democracy in 1994, issues at the heart of the land question in South Africa are how to reverse this phenomenon and how a large-scale redistribution of land can contribute to the transformation of the economy and the reduction of poverty, both rural and urban. The extent to which indigenous people were dispossessed of their land by whites in South Africa under colonial rule and apartheid has no parallels on the African continent. This book debates these issues against the backdrop of a land reform programme that made limited headway in the first decade of South Africa's democracy. The book offers a robust assessment of that programme and raises critical questions for its future.
Open Access
Land rights and land conflicts in Kibaale since the colonial settlement
(2020) Baligira, John; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
This thesis examines why there has been persistent conflict over land in Africa, with reference to Kibaale district in western Uganda. The land conflicts, especially in post-colonial sub-Saharan Africa, are attributed to such factors as the colonial legacy which has contributed to unequal access and conflicting identities. By tracing the conflict from the British colonial period, the thesis contributes to an understanding of how it evolved and why it was not resolved by the end of colonial rule and in post-colonial Uganda. The thesis draws on Mamdani's theory of decentralized despotism to establish the extent to which the post-colonial central governments' maintenance of some rural despotic authorities has undermined the land conflict resolution efforts. I contend that, though the post- colonial governments' maintenance of landlordism has partly contributed to the land-related conflict in Uganda, it does not fully explain why the conflict has persisted in places such as Kibaale district. Based on data generated through in-depth interviews with purposively sampled participants, archives and from secondary sources, the thesis contributes to an improved understanding of why land-related conflicts in Africa have persisted. It particularly shows what has undermined the ability of post-colonial governments and other stakeholders to address the roots of these conflicts. The main findings of the thesis include: the bitter memories of the late 19th and early 20th century British colonial conquest and land dispossession of people in Kibaale are still reflected in the narratives of the early settlers; the government-sponsored and selfmotivated massive resettlement of people from mainly Western Uganda to Kibaale district has increased the complexity of land disputes; different peoples' identities have also contributed to the conflict in Kibaale; and the national as well as local political actors have often intensified the conflict for the sake of political power. The thesis concludes that the instrumentalization of citizenship and belonging by the autochthons as well as the specific historical and socioeconomic factors in Kibaale district have contributed to persistent conflict over access to and ownership of land.
Open Access
Mozambique's post-conflict political economy :
(2010) Phiri, Madalitso Zililo; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
Mozambique is viewed by the donor community and multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank and IMF, as a success story of post-war construction and is used as a model to be emulated. The study proposes that, contrary to this belief, adjustment policies harm this poor economy. Also, neo-liberal economic policies have altered the role of state institutions, not eliminating state power, but redirecting it. This study challenges the neo-liberal claim that Mozambique's post-conflict political economy has been “revolutionary”. Economic reforms can benefit this economy, but alone, are insufficient to reduce poverty and economic dependence. The study found that, despite improvements in reducing the number of people living in poverty between 1992 and 2008, malnutrition, malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis and corruption are on the increase.
Open Access
Peculiar places and legitimate chiefs?: an exploration of the role of traditional authorities in the titled locality of kwaMeyi village, Umzimkhulu district, South Africa
(2012) Charles, Tanya; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
There is little doubt that traditional leaders continue to make an indelible mark on the practice of politics across the continent of Africa. In democratising South Africa, the relevance of this institution is debated extensively. In the main, traditional leaders are described as the embodiment of patriarchy, comprised of unelected male representatives who rule with "clenched fist" on an unwilling populous (Mamdani, 1996:23). It is argued that traditional authorities "...can only secure legitimacy by drawing its sustenance from the modern state, working as a complement to democratic local government" (Southall and Kropiwnicki, 2003:76). In light of these assertions, this thesis answers two questions: do traditional leaders have a role to play in democratising South Africa?
Open Access
Private game farms and the tenure security of workers and dwellers in Cradock - implications for tenure reform in South Africa
(2012) Mkhize, Naledi Nomalanga; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
This study situates itself within the broader field of agrarian and land reform scholarship. It investigates the consequences that farm conversions to game farming have had for the tenure security of farm workers and -dwellers in Cradock, Eastern Cape. At the heart of the thesis is the extreme land question of the semi-arid areas. At the empirical level, the thesis situates the Cradock farm conversion trend within the land conquest and labour histories of the semi-arid areas. It argues that land and labour histories of different regions will inform the manner in which farm workers and -dwellers are affected by, and respond to, farm conversions. The thesis contends that in context of an extreme land question in the semi-arid areas that renders farm workers and -dwellers structurally tenure insecure, game farms cannot be 'blamed' for associated displacements. Indeed, it suggests that the link between game farms and tenure insecurity should be seen as correlative rather than casual.
Open Access
Rural local governance in post-colonial Zimbabwe : a case study of Zimnyama ward in Bulilimamangwe district
(2007) Luthe, Davis Dumezweni; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-125).
Open Access
The socio-economic consequences of the agribusiness model on the land reform beneficiaries in greater Tzaneen municipality, South Africa: The case of Elangeni Project
(2017) Rusenga, Clemence; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
This study is situated in the field of land and agrarian reform. It explores the possible socioeconomic consequences of the large-scale commercial farming (LSCF) model on the land reform beneficiaries in Greater Tzaneen Municipality (GTM), South Africa. While the land reform programme seeks to reduce poverty, unemployment, and income inequality, among other things, the South African government has enforced the LSCF model in the land reform projects. The features of the model that the government is imposing on land reform beneficiaries are those of the agribusiness model. The agribusiness model is the current and dominant model of agrarian capitalism which increasingly organises agricultural production in the form of monoculture on an ever-increasing scale with the intense use of agricultural machinery and toxic chemicals along the growing use of genetically modified seeds (Stedile and Leon, 2014). Farm production, alongside upstream and downstream agricultural industries, is dominated by a decreasing number of large agribusinesses (Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST), 2013:9-10). The concept, the agribusiness model, is used in the study to refer to the LSCF model. The study challenges the perspectives associating success or even the viability of land reform projects with the agribusiness model. It demonstrates a) the difficulties of the beneficiaries to follow the business model autonomously; b) the limitation of the state apparatus to support a costly agribusiness model; and c) the social distance of certain market-driven policies from the context and everyday lives of the beneficiaries and their families. The works of Ben Cousins, the MST and Archie Mafeje on the efficacy of the agribusiness model and the merits of the alternative small-scale model for the beneficiaries of agrarian reform influenced this study. Of the three, Archie Mafeje was more influential, and it is of academic interest that those writing on the LSCF model in the context of land reform in South Africa do not seem to take Mafeje's work more seriously especially that he is also against the LSCF model.
Open Access
The socio-economic implications of conversion from commercial agriculture to private game farming: The case study of Cradock, a small town in the iNxuba Yethemba Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
(2017) Zungu, Vincent Mduduzi; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
This thesis sets out to investigate the socio-economic consequences or implications on the township people in Cradock (a town located in iNxuba Yethemba Municipality, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa) of the recent conversions from commercial agriculture to private game farming (PGF). The study draws primarily on research conducted in the town, the history of which is rooted in the development and expansion of commercial agriculture that took place in the early 1800s. It is specifically concerned with the effects of the conversion of agricultural land to game farming on the socio-economic conditions of black African and coloured township people, who have directly or indirectly depended on commercial agricultural production for many decades past. These people have, over the last 200 years, benefited from commercial agriculture through employment, material resource supplies and off-farm activities. These three kinds of socio-economic mechanisms played a crucial role in sustaining the socio-economic conditions of the Eastern Cape's semi-arid towns, such as Cradock, in particular, of those citizens who reside in the townships. By using the de-agrarianisation thesis as a theoretical framework, the study argues that the agrarian change in the form of conversion towards private game farming industry is a form of the de-agrarianisation process, not the proliferation of off-farm activities or off-farm employment, as postulated by Bryceson and Jamal (1997). The study addresses the current debate about the implications of agrarian change emerging in the semi-arid area of the Eastern Cape and in South Africa. At an empirical level, the study seeks to test the proponents of private game farming who argue that game farming in formerly agrarian areas generates national revenue and provides multiple socio-economic benefits to the poor and marginalised people. Part of the context in which the discussion in this study takes place is the role that the development of agricultural land aims to play in improving the socio-economic status or The study uses the economic history of agrarian economy in the Karoo and its production in relation to black Africans as an approach to analyse the effects of conversion. It critically examines the dynamics related to the contribution of private game farming in Cradock, an area historically known as an agricultural stronghold. The study thus argues that the recent introduction of private game farming in the formerly agrarian areas has established an elitist economy that is virtually inaccessible to the people of the area, especially the poor and previously marginalised people residing in the townships of Cradock. The study uses qualitative research design and various qualitative data collection methods such as interviews, household interviews, focus group interviews and qualitative observation, to unpack the socio-economic implications of conversions from the perspective of the township residents. The findings of the study indicate that while the introduction of private game farming industry in Cradock has generated employment for some township people, the industry has negatively affected the socio-economic livelihoods of these people. Although they receive a wage higher than what they received in the former commercial agriculture, the study reveals that their livelihoods are severely and negatively affected by the conversion, as they now have restrained access to the material resource supplies they used to access when the land was used for commercial agriculture. This, in turn, has resulted into the decline of off-farm activities such as butcheries, informal trades, and the trade in and selling of agricultural implements that were an integral part of the former agrarian economy of the town.
Open Access
They come here and take our houses! : community conflicts in Langa in the context of the housing crisis in Cape Town : borners against migrants
(2007) Eppel, Simon; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
That "there will be houses, comfort and security for all" was one of the rallying cries of the South African progressive movement under apartheid. When, in 1994, the African National Congress (ANC) toppled the, apartheid National Party in the country's first 'free and fair' elections, the promise of 'housing for all' again formed an important part of the vision of a 'new' South Africa. Yet in Cape Town, thirteen years later, the promises of housing for all conflicts strongly with the reality of an increasing housing backlog in the city. Apart from the obvious growth of informal and overcrowded dwellings around the city, one of the consequences has been that a narrative has emerged among residents born in the city, known as 'borners', that places responsibility for the continuation of their homelessness on people who are born outside of the city. Known as 'migrants', it is against such people that 'borners' have begun to articulate their entitlement to housing in Cape Town. This thesis is an attempt to examine such claims and the divisions which such claims imply. Using a case study of a township called Langa, the thesis attempts to understand how and why such claims are being made. Doing so requires an exploration of South Africa's past and present. By examining the past, the thesis argues, the categories 'homers' and 'migrants' can be seen as products of the attempt by South Africa's past segregationist regimes to mediate between the need for labour by capital and the racist desire to achieve a 'white' South Africa. In the post-1994 era however, the claims about division are not only encouraged by the discursive legacy of the past, but also by contemporary factors which have encouraged 'borners' to define themselves as different and in opposition to 'migrants'. Factors commonly cited by 'borners' include the facts that housing delivery is slowed by the increased demand for houses that results from large-scale immigration and that housing delivery is biased in favour of 'migrants'. Ultimately however, such conceptions about who is responsible for either producing, or usurping the tiny offerings forthcoming in Langa, misjudge political-economic reasons for the lack of housing. Working-class people waiting for houses pit themselves against others who are also without adequate housing, and the more direct causes of their housing woes, the present housing development strategy and the current direction of the macro-economy, essentially remain unchallenged.
Open Access
Traditional authorities and co-management of protected areas in South Africa: the case of Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve in the Eastern Cape
(2022) Tsawu, Simphiwe; Ntsebeza, Lungisile; Matose, Frank
This thesis examines the role of traditional authorities in the post-land claim co-management of protected areas in the former Bantustans of South Africa, using the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve (DCNR) in the Eastern Cape as a case study. The DCNR was one of the first successful land claims involving a protected area under South Africa's post-1994 land restitution policies, and one of the earliest communities to create new landowner institutions under tenure reform policies. Two theoretical debates – the critical and the supportive perspectives – provide the framework for this study and help in assessing how theorists viewed the role of traditional authorities in the context of protected area management in rural areas. I argue that traditional authorities should not be regarded as guests in their areas of control; instead, a nuanced understanding of their role in postland claim co-management of protected areas such as Dwesa-Cwebe is required as they, in turn, are held accountable by communities that they “govern”. Such contexts require mechanisms that recognise both traditional authorities and elected representatives as equal partners in the post-land claim co-management of protected areas. The accommodation of traditional authorities is unavoidable because many inhabitants of former Bantustans continue to respect them. Furthermore, the state increasingly empowers them. The people of Dwesa-Cwebe held their traditional authorities accountable for their former roles in land dispossession and in enforcing brutal state restrictions on access to the natural resources in the DCNR. This they did by excluding traditional leaders from the land claim process and the land tenure and management institutions – the Land Trust and Communal Property Associations. However, when problems arose with the Land Trust, traditional authorities stepped in and removed the Trust, effectively holding that body to account. During this process, the state came out clearly in support of traditional authorities. The thesis concludes that as long as traditional authorities are empowered by the state and enjoy popularity in rural communities such as Dwesa-Cwebe, their role in the co-management of protected areas will remain significant and necessary. In examining and assessing the role that traditional authorities play in rural areas, particularly with regard to communal land in protected areas, I employed a qualitative approach. I mainly used a combination of semi-structured interviews, informal conversational interviews and participant observation to compile and gauge the views of people in the area, as well as official government documentation, minutes of meetings and a range of secondary sources.
Open Access
Women s Land Rights Under Traditional Authorities in Namibia: A Case Study of Aawambo Women s Land Rights in the Omusati Region in Relation to the Communal Land Reform Act (Act No.05 of 2002)
(2024) Martin, Yamilla; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
This study examines the significance of the Communal Land Reform Act (Act No. 05 of 2002) and its impact on Aawambo women's land rights in Namibia's rural areas under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities. The study primarily argues that seemingly progressive legal frameworks such as the Communal Land Reform Act (No. 05 of 2002) are not enough to ensure rural women access to secure land rights. This argument was reached by examining a disjuncture between what the Namibian legislation stipulates pertaining to women's land rights in rural areas and the reality on the ground. Despite these challenges, the study also demonstrates how a number of the Aawambo women participants have accessed rights to land for the first time through the Communal Land Reform Act (No. 05 of 2002). The gap this study has identified is that the Act itself is flawed as there was very limited public consultation and participation from rural communities, specifically rural women (Girma, 2016:24, Werner, 2008:12, Werner, 2017:16). The overall findings of the study offer valuable insights that may benefit future research, policy reforms, or organisations that strive to promote gender equality in rural land tenure systems in Southern Africa. The study contributes to the ongoing gender-sensitive debates regarding gender dynamics, women's land rights and rural land tenure in Namibia.
Open Access
The Zimbabwean crisis : problems and prospects
(2008) Ncube, Senzeni; Ntsebeza, Lungisile
Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-88).

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