Browsing by Author "Ngwaru, Tafara"

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    Gender, poverty and intimate partner violence in southern Africa
    (2012) Ngwaru, Tafara
    This dissertation critiques the hypothesis that the disadvantages experienced by women in terms of income, political representation etc. renders them more vulnerable to HIV infection. Using literature reviews and quantitative research methods applied to Demographic and Household Survey data from Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, we argue that this relationship varies from country to country and contest the proposition that either structural factors or individual factors mainly affect HIV.
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    Is intimate partner violence associated with HIV among women in Zimbabwe?
    (2010) Ngwaru, Tafara
    Intimate partner violence (IPV) has increasingly become a health problem around the world, and in particular, its association with sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. Empirical research examining the association between IPV and HIV is very limited, especially in Southern Africa, partly due to data constraints, but there is some evidence that exposure to IPV increases HIV risk. This study investigates the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV status among Zimbabwean women using data from the 2005/06 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Controlling for age, household wealth, education level, age at first sexual intercourse and the number of lifetime sex partners, we find no association between sexual, psychological and physical violence and HIV-status. We also find no statistically significant association between a composite measure of IPV, which combines the above three measures of IPV, and HIV. We conclude that this may be due to two main reasons, the first being that IPV actually has no relationship with HIV-status among Zimbabwean women. The second potential reason for our findings is that the data constraints that prevent us from measuring historical IPV hamstring our efforts to quantify this association. We however call for caution when making blanket claims about the prevalence of IPV among Southern African women, and the strength of the association between IPV and HIV status among them.
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    Under what conditions is the management of migratory wildlife resources successful?
    (2009) Ngwaru, Tafara; Muchapondwa, Edwin
    The management of fugitive resources across national boundaries possess significant challenges to organizations and policy makers. This paper investigates three key aspects areas that affect the management of migratory wildlife. The first issue is whether it is better to have a single Transfrontier park or to have several disjoint ones. We find that economically, it makes no difference, as long as the same institutional framework applies to all the disjoint areas. We however reason that from a conservation perspective, it is better to have a single transfrontier park due to economies of scale attainable from a larger reserve. We also investigate the conditions under which the local communities will cooperate with the conservation effort and the paper concludes that as long as the flow of benefits from the park authorities to the community is greater than the marginal benefit from the community's alternative source of income, cooperation will exist. Institutional setups invariably affect the success of Transfrontier park management and we discuss some of the responsibilities government and organizations have to ensure that the parks are successful. To this effect, organisations should be involved only in as much as setting up an institutional framework that allows for equalization of benefits and costs where concerned.