Browsing by Author "Mall, Anwar"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Open Access
    Anti-HIV-1 activity of salivary MUC5B and MUC7 mucins from HIV patients with different CD4 counts
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2010) Habte, Habtom; de Beer, Corena; Lotz, Zoe; Roux, Paul; Mall, Anwar
    BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that MUC5B and MUC7 mucins from saliva of HIV negative individuals inhibit HIV-1 activity by 100% in an in vitro assay. The purpose of this subsequent study was to investigate whether MUC5B and MUC7 from saliva of HIV patients or with full blown AIDS had a similar inhibitory activity against the virus. METHODS: Salivary MUC5B and MUC7 from HIV patients with different CD4 counts (< 200, 200-400 and > 400) were incubated with HIV-1 prior to infection of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM SS cells). Cells were then cultured and viral replication was measured by a qualitative p24 antigen assay. The size, charge and immunoreactivity of mucins from HIV negative and positive individuals was also analysed by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and ELISA respectively. RESULTS: It was shown that irrespective of their CD4 counts both MUC5B and MUC7 from HIV patients, unlike the MUC5B and MUC7 from HIV negative individuals, did not inhibit HIV-1 activity. Size, charge and immunoreactivity differences between the mucins from HIV negative and positive individuals and among the mucins from HIV patients of different CD4 count was observed by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: Purified salivary mucins from HIV positive patients do not inhibit the AIDS virus in an in vitro assay. Although the reason for the inability of mucins from infected individuals to inhibit the virus is not known, it is likely that there is an alteration of the glycosylation pattern, and therefore of charge of mucin, in HIV positive patients. The ability to inhibit the virus by aggregation by sugar chains is thus diminished.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Open Access
    The biochemical and molecular characterisation of respiratory mucins in TB
    (2006) Govender, Ureshnie; Mall, Anwar
    The role of the dominant respiratory mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) and MUC2 has been investigated in chronic airway diseases as it is the mucin glycoprotein that confers upon mucus its biological, rheological and physicochemical properties. Within South Africa, specifically the Western Cape, TB has wreaked havoc especially amongst those of the lower socioeconomic groups. However, despite the prevalence of the disease in South Africa and the known morbidity and mortality associated with mucus and mucin hypersecretion in respiratory diseases, little is known of the association between respiratory mucins and TB. This is a novel study that investigated the association between respiratory mucins and TB at a biochemical and molecular level.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Open Access
    The biochemical characterisation of respiratory mucus & mucins in normal, asthma & COPD
    (2009) Trimmel, Astrid Joan; Mall, Anwar
    Airway mucus hyper-secretion is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is the leading cause of death in South Africa. Mucus is a viscid, slimy visco-elastic gel-like material, which coats the epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal, reproductive and respiratory tracts. Mucus has defined rheological properties that enable it to be transported out of the lungs by mucociliary clearance.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Open Access
    The inhibition of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 activity by crude and purified human pregnancy plug mucus and mucins in an inhibition assay
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2008) Habte, Habtom; de Beer, Corena; Lotz, Zoe; Tyler, Marilyn; Schoeman, Leann; Kahn, Delawir; Mall, Anwar
    BACKGROUND:The female reproductive tract is amongst the main routes for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission. Cervical mucus however is known to protect the female reproductive tract from bacterial invasion and fluid loss and regulates and facilitates sperm transport to the upper reproductive tract. The purpose of this study was to purify and characterize pregnancy plug mucins and determine their anti-HIV-1 activity in an HIV inhibition assay. METHODS: Pregnancy plug mucins were purified by caesium chloride density-gradient ultra-centrifugation and characterized by Western blotting analysis. The anti-HIV-1 activities of the crude pregnancy plug mucus and purified pregnancy plug mucins was determined by incubating them with HIV-1 prior to infection of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM SS cells). RESULTS: The pregnancy plug mucus had MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B. The HIV inhibition assay revealed that while the purified pregnancy plug mucins inhibit HIV-1 activity by approximately 97.5%, the crude pregnancy plug mucus failed to inhibit HIV-1 activity. CONCLUSION: Although it is not clear why the crude sample did not inhibit HIV-1 activity, it may be that the amount of mucins in the crude pregnancy plug mucus (which contains water, mucins, lipids, nucleic acids, lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins and ions), is insufficient to cause viral inhibition or aggregation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Open Access
    The role of crude saliva and purified salivary mucins in the inhibition of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2012) Peacocke, Julia; Lotz, Zoe; de Beer, Corena; Roux, Paul; Mall, Anwar
    BACKGROUND:Sub-Saharan Africa is the world's worst HIV-AIDS affected region. More interventions to manage this pandemic are urgently required. Transmission of the virus through an exchange of saliva is rarely known to occur. This project sought to verify statistically previous findings in our laboratory, that crude saliva from uninfected individuals together with its purified mucin components inhibited HIV-1, whilst mucins from infected saliva did not show this inhibition, in an in vitro assay. METHODS: Saliva was extracted in 4M guanidinium hydrochloride and proteolytic inhibitors at pH 6.5, followed by the isolation of MUC5B and MUC7 by Sepharose 4B gel filtration and further purification of these mucins by density-gradient ultra-centrifugation in caesium chloride. Agarose gel electrophoresis, Western blotting and amino acid compositional analysis determined the size, purity and identity of the mucins. The inhibitory activity of crude saliva and purified MUC5B and MUC7, from HIV negative (n=20) and HIV positive (n=20) donors, was tested by their incubation with subtype C HIV-1 and subsequent infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PCR was done on tandem repeat regions of MUC5B and MUC7 DNA to investigate whether any association existed between gene polymorphism and susceptibility to infection. RESULTS: There was an inter-individual variation in the amounts of MUC5B and MUC7 in saliva. In contrast to previous studies, crude saliva and purified mucins from both HIV negative and HIV positive individuals inhibited the infection of HIV-1 in an in vitro assay. DNA analysis of the tandem repeat regions of MUC5B and MUC7 revealed no difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Crude saliva and its mucins, MUC5B and MUC7, from both uninfected controls and HIV positive individuals inhibited HIV-1 in an in vitro assay.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Open Access
    Science and Religion: friends or foes?
    (2014-08-04) Mall, Anwar
    This three-lecture course will trace the historical relationship between science and religion, explore the ‘conflict hypotheses’ related to them and reflect on the successes of science. In recent decades science and religion seem in conflict, particularly with increasing evidence supporting Darwin’s theory of evolution. Evolutionary biologists have provoked people into considering what evidence for evolution means in relation to religious practice. In response, religious proponents have sprouted intelligent design theories, angrily taking legal action against the teaching of evolution in schools. But there are significant conciliatory positions on both sides of the divide, such as Stephen J. Gould’s theory of non-overlapping magisteria, in which science deals with the ‘how’ of life, and religion its meaning. It is generally agreed that science has contributed enormously to the progress of humanity especially since the 1600s. Despite our comforts derived from technological innovation, there is still little knowledge of and much suspicion about scientific activity, with scientific concepts difficult to grasp, their presentation ‘unfriendly’ and scientists ridiculing religion as an outdated dogma, made obsolete by evolutionary theory. From the perspective of a scientist, this course will explore some of the great ideas of science, some of its failings and its heady relationship with religion. The first lecture will include focus on the biological sciences, the second will deal more specifically with science and its relationship with Christianity and Judaism and the third with the historical status of science in the Muslim world and personal experience of views of science amongst local Muslims. LECTURE TITLES 1. The value of science: its current relationship with religion 2. Science in Christian and Jewish societies 3. Muslims and science: a personal view Recommended reading Coyne, J. 2009. Why Evolution is True. New York: Viking Press. Dawkins, R. 2006. The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press. Feierman, J.R. Ed. 2009. The Biology of Religious Behaviour: The Evolutionary Origins of Faith and Religion. Santa Barbara: Praeger. Haag, J., Peterson, G. & Spezio, M. Eds. 2012. The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science. Oxon: Routledge. * Only podcasts for lecture 1 & 2 are available for this lecture series. This lecture series was part of the 2014 UCT Summer School programme http://www.summerschool.uct.ac.za/