Browsing by Author "Lincoln, David"

Now showing 1 - 12 of 12
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    Can a mega-event be developmental? : a case study of Cape Town as it prepares for the 2010 World Cup
    (2006) Cristando, John R; Lincoln, David
    Cities and nations around the world vigorously compete to host mega-events such as the Olympics and the World Cup, despite the history of mixed economic and social impacts of these events. While such events have been traditionally sought by hosts as vehicles primarily for economic growth, image enhancement, and generation of civic and cultural pride, a recent trend is emerging in which substantial developmental components are integrated into hosting strategies. This study utilizes the human development paradigm, and its attendant emphasis on facilitating gains by the poor and disadvantaged, to evaluate the degree to which Cape Town can integrate developmental priorities into the role it plays as one of South Africa's host cities of the 2010 World Cup. The analysis focuses on the clash between the city's expansive human development objectives and the logistical and commercial dictates of hosting a mega-event. Also brought to the fore are the consequential public planning decisions required when hosting a mega-event in a developing city, with ramifications that can be particularly acute for the disadvantaged..
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    The contribution of official development assistance to poverty reduction in Zambia
    (2009) Muyeba, Singumbe; Lincoln, David
    Recent studies have shown that Official Development Assistance (ODA) is able to contribute to poverty reduction through the Public Expenditure Management (PEM) system. The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) have also been channelling ODA in the form of budget support under the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). While implementing PRSPs, Zambia, a poor country, showed remarkable improvement in the economic and social sectors. Whether it was ODA channelled for pro-poor expenditure or economic growth that was responsible for these improvements or both could only be ascertained by empirical research. To study this research problem, this undertaking used a quantitative research design. Data on Zambia's requests for ODA were collected from the Zambian national budget and official Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for the period 1990 to 2008. Statistics on ODA received were obtained from the OECD.stat database, in order to find out the extent to which ODA receipts were a part of Zambia's public expenditure. Public expenditure was then correlated with the IMR, and numerically compared with the HDI and poverty headcount. The research produced a number of key findings. For nine of the fifteen years examined, Zambia received an average of 260.57 per cent of all ODA it requested. There was evidence that the association between pro-poor expenditure and IMR was strong. The HDI and poverty head count improved but the study was inconclusive on whether this was as a result of increased pro-poor expenditure or not. The PEM system was argued to be a vital factor for ODA to reach the poor. Overall, there was strong indication that ODA contributed to poverty reduction through pro-poor public expenditure in Zambia. It was therefore recommended that both donors and the Zambian government ensure that all ODA was targeted at primary and secondary education, primary health care, rural roads, and agricultural extension services.
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    Corporate social responsibility: the way forward for development
    (2014) Abrahams, Merlinda-Joy; Lincoln, David
    With Corporate Social Responsibility coming to prominence over the last few decades, business has become a central player in the sphere of development. The business case for CSR, by far the most dominant argument for CSR, suggests that CSR is the answer to social ills, injustice and poverty, but seeks ways to get a return on their investment and gain a competitive advantage through CSR/CSI activities. Critics have argued that business cannot be counted on to voluntarily contribute to social good - citing the nature of business as the greatest deterrent to positive behaviour. A third stream recognises the potential of CSR but identifies constraints in the present manifestations of CSR and CSI in South Africa, and calls for a more critical engagement of business in society. A fourth approach recognises that due the nature of CSR and the politics that surrounds its practice, CSR can be seen as a type of imperialism, holding the notions of dominance and superiority over their beneficiaries in the South, and not taking into consideration their experiences or feedback. Using the critical case of a large South African petroleum company, this thesis seeks to answer the central research question, “What approach to C SR does Company X take? What underpins this approach? ” This thesis furthermore subscribes to the need for more critical, Southern perspectives that needs to be acknowledged in the CSR rhetoric and argues that political and economic rather than social considerations currently dominate the sphere of CSR. This is further emphasised through the political environment in which CSR takes place. Finally, this paper, argues that the language of CSR in South Africa needs to be rethought. In South Africa, CSR more often than not is interpreted to mean companies’ CSI activities. Using authors such as Fig (2005) and Fig et al, 2007, this thesis argues that wrapped up in the notion of CSI are inherent political considerations that thwart the developmental potential of CSI.
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    Does township tourism contribute to government's strategic goals for the tourism sector? : a case study of bed and breakfast entrepreneurs in Gugulethu and Langa, Cape Town
    (2013) Joseph, Hilary; Lincoln, David
    The purpose of the study was to address the question: Does Township Tourism contribute to the South African government's strategic goals for the tourism sector? A qualitative case study was done in the two Cape Town townships, Gugulethu and Langa to identify and interview a number of Township Tourism Entrepreneurs (TTEs). Selected works of C.M. Rogerson are used as a framework to compare these TTEs, to those studied in a number of other townships in South Africa. Rogerson described TTEs as having identified an economic opportunity and categorised them as Opportunistic Entrepreneurs, who share numerous qualities with white Lifestyle Entrepreneurs, such as being approximately 50 years old, predominantly females, who use their own funding to start accommodation businesses in picturesque rural towns, as a second career or income generator. The study has 5 TTEs in the sample, which is a convenient sample drawn from Cape Town Tourism ' s membership list of 14 members who are operating accommodation businesses in these areas. In-depth interviews were conducted with five TTEs, a senior staff member from the City of Cape Town Tourism Department, another from the Provincial Destination Marketing Organization and one tour operator. Informal discussions were held with staff at the Tourism visitors centres in Langa and Gugulethu and other tourism stakeholders prior to doing the interviews. The study also drew on multiple data sources, including policy documents. The study explored the TTEs' motivations for starting their accommodation businesses, and looked at how they conform to the entrepreneurial characteristics and categorisation given by Rogerson and the Global Entrepreneur Monitor Report, i.e. Survivalist/Opportunistic/Lifestyle Entrepreneurs. The study explores how this categorisation aligns TTEs with the vision and goals for the sector that policymakers and government have set, and whether this enables them to access the appropriate support. The findings suggest that TTEs should not all be assumed to have business growth as a primary goal, and that a number could be categorised as Lifestyle Entrepreneurs rather than Opportunistic Entrepreneurs, albeit in an urban township setting. This study also suggests that township Lifestyle Entrepreneurs have a key function in the tourism sector and consideration should be given to place them in a form of clustering with opportunistic high growth entrepreneurs. This would enhance this sector's contribution to the ambitious goals set for tourism as a transformation, job creation, and poverty alleviation tool.
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    Governance and socioeconomic development in Zambia : an analysis of survey data and development indicators
    (2014) Siachiwena, Hangala; Lincoln, David
    This study set out to establish statistical relationships between matters relating to governance and changes in Zambia’s socioeconomic development. With the aid of survey data compiled by the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators, and perceptions of governance amongst Zambian citizens obtained from Round 5 of the Afrobarometer survey, this study used quantitative research methods to investigate the performance of indicators of governance in Zambia between 1996 and 2012 and the perceptions that Zambians had toward matters relating to governance. The indicators and perceptions of governance were based on measures of Control of Corruption, Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law and Voice and Accountability. The study further addressed the changes in Zambia’s socioeconomic development by investigating trends in Zambia’s Human Development Index between 1996 and 2012. The study also established the extent of lived poverty in Zambia by addressing how Zambians rated their living conditions based on how much access they had to essential commodities such as food, cooking fuel, water and cash income.
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    An investigation into sustainable low income settlements in the developing world : lessons for South Africa
    (2008) Ross, Nicole; Lincoln, David; Bowen, Paul
    The aim of this study was to investigate cases of sustainable low income settlements from across the developing world in order to draw conclusions and recommendations for the South African context. Sustainable construction, which falls under the ambit of sustainable development, formed the theoretical basis of this study. In the developing world, where one of the most pressing issues is a dire housing shortage due to ever increasing urbanisation, and where the construction industry often impacts negatively on people and the natural environment, the need to make sustainable interventions in the built environment remains urgent for the survival of human beings.
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    Restructuring paternalism : the changing nature of labour control on wine farms in Koelenhof
    (1994) Murray, Andrew; Lincoln, David
    The central hypotheses advanced in the dissertation are: 1. Wine farmers in the Western Cape have, since the 1970s; been increasingly changing the form of labour control on their farms from co-ercive to co-optive techniques. 2. The Rural Foundation has played a key role in promoting and facilitating these changes to co-optive methods of labour control. 3. The changes to co-optive forms of labour control have resulted in corresponding changes in the form of paternalism that has characterised the relations of production in the Western Cape for the past three centuries. 4. Whilst the change to co-optive managerial techniques has improved working and living conditions for farmworkers, it has not necessarily reduced the dependency of farmworkers on the farmers, nor empowered workers. 5. Farmworkers have themselves internalised the ideology of 'enlightened' paternalism, with this ideology being fundamental in structuring their work-place behaviour. Trade unionists need to recognise this, and strategise accordingly. The empirical data that is used both to verify the fore-mentioned theoretical statements, and to provide information used in the construction of these statements, was gathered by means of interviews. Interviews were conducted with nine farmers/farm managers and 25 farmworkers from wine farms in Koelenhof, two members of both the Rural Foundation and the Food and Allied Workers Union and an organiser for the National Council of Trade Union's National Union of Wine, Spirit and Allied Workers. This empirical information is integrated into a conceptual method that draws from both the structuralist and social historian perspectives in agrarian social theory. In this sense, the discussion in both abstract and theoretical, and descriptive. Furthermore, the discussion is, at times, prescriptive, arguing that trade unions should adopt particular tactics in their attempts to defend and advance the interests of farmworkers in South Africa.
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    Socio-historical research and land tenure in South Africa: a case study of land tenure rights on the Northern Cape farm of Melkkraal
    (2006) Jacobs, Cameron Lee; Lincoln, David
    The aim of the research was to clarify and explain the land tenure relations of a farming community called Melkkraal situated in the Northern Cape such that development assistance could be rendered to them by the Department of Land Affairs (DLA).The Melkkraal farm has been owned by various members of the Kotze family since 1834 and through the process of testate and intestate succession has passed from one generation to the next. At present the farm is owned by seven members of the Kotze family in a co-ownership. However, it is also a home to twenty-six households of which three have a legal title to the land as co-owners. The remaining households have occupied the land through a haphazard process of acquiring oral permission from some of the co-owners and non-owning residents, some for as long as sixty five years. This has led to a tenure conundrum because the way in which the Melkkraal farm is registered means that neither the twenty six families who use the land, nor the seven co-owners can access the DLA assistance or effectively assert authority to make development decisions. As a result, the community requested the Surplus Peoples Project and the Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG) to advise them on the steps they would need to gain access to the DLA assistance and to better manage the land. During January 2004, SPP and EMG undertook to investigate and report on the nature and content of the rights of the members of the community in relation to the rights of the co-owners so that the community could be assisted to formulate a strategy for the achievement of their developmental objectives. In February 2004, SPP conducted an extensive research study on how the community members hold, use and transact rights in land. While participatory action research was the overall research paradigm, the particular research technique used for the Melkkraal case study was participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is an action research tool or technique that involves community members defining and working to solve local concerns. As a result of the use of PRA the following research phases were drafted: The first phase of the research entailed the collection and analysis of archival data to develop an understanding of the co-ownership and its co-owners and to develop a genealogy of the co-ownership. The second phase entailed conducting field work at Melkkraal in terms of interviewing the heads of each household as well as an interview with the land management committee. Phase three entailed a follow up visit to Melkkraal, a presentation of a progress report, a participatory mapping session and a focus group workshop on the various land uses at Melkkraal. The final phase of the research included another follow up visit to Melkkraal, the completion of the research analysis and the development of a final report that was presented to the community. The final presentation entailed a workshop explaining the land rights of the various households and a discussion of the way forward. The research findings revealed that very little difference exists between the non-owning residents and the co-owners in terms of how land is used and transacted. This was attributed to the evolution of the social land ethic such that one can speak of the Melkkraal farm as a common property regime. Therefore, in practice there is no difference between a non-owning resident and a co-owner. The findings also revealed that just cause can be shown to apply for a declaratory order to invoke the Interim Protection of Informal Rights Act 31 of 1996. A successful application will mean that the existing informal rights in land of the non-owning residents will be elevated to the status of real rights in property.
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    Urbanisation in Botswana: social intercations among the residents of Broadhurst, Gaborone
    (2004) Lesetedi, Gwen N; Lincoln, David
    This study examines the extent of social interaction among the residents of the Broadhurst area of Gaborone.
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    The use of impressionistic tools in a structural vaccum: a grounded theory study on corporate philanthropy
    (2013) Eriksson, Karin; Lincoln, David; Crankshaw, Owen
    This classic grounded theory study reflects companies work with corporate philanthropy (CP), and has a specific focus on companies with Swedish roots who are operating in South Africa. The theory illustrates how the companies perceive themselves to be forced to engage in CP, and their main solution to this problem is trying to optimise their CP work so it benefits both themselves and their beneficiaries. The companies are operating in a structural vacuum with regards to their CP work, and consequently, they make use of impressionistic tools in their attempt to optimise the work. There is arguably a need for companies to adopt a more strategic approach. The empirical data is collected from semi structured interviews with companies during 2012.
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    Why do African migrants with a tertiary education do menial jobs in Cape Town?
    (2008) Bamanayi, Mbikayi Alexis; Sichone, Owen; Lincoln, David
    This research considers the reasons for the position of African migrants with a tertiary education in menial jobs in Cape Town. Until recently, mainstream migration literature on South Africa has tended to universalise xenophobia and to treat migrants as innocent people for their situation. To what extent does xenophobia explain the position of skilled migrants in menial work in Cape Town bearing in mind that i) South Africa suffers a shortage of skills needed to spur economic growth and development, ii) xenophilia (love and support for foreigners) is part and parcel of the interactions between South Africans and foreigners? Using an in-depth, qualitative, face-to-face interview schedule instrument and a convenience sampling method to select twelve skilled migrants from five African countries, this research provides a 'thick' and comprehensive understanding of the reasons for the position of African skilled migrants in menial jobs in Cape Town. It establishes a system of antecedent and immediate reasons which explain this position. The antecedent reasons are deprivation in home countries, reliance on superficial information and/or emotions to find out about opportunities in South Africa, the imperative of survival, reliance on limited social capital to find jobs, limited English skills, low entry requirements characterising menial jobs, and the fact that the migrants saw menial jobs as a temporary measure and exploited this facet of such jobs. Immediate reasons consist of limited knowledge of Xhosa and Afrikaans languages, xenophobia, racism, and the temporary nature of asylum seeker permit identity document. This research challenges the sketchy finding of earlier studies which has implicitly suggested that xenophobia is omnipresent in South Africa. It throws doubt into the extent to which the Government and businesses are informed about and willing to tackle the skills shortage in this country. It shows that the value of education is not forgone even though highly educated migrants do menial jobs. Such migrants are likely to and do secure professional jobs in the long-term.