Browsing by Author "Andronikou, S"

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
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    Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour in a supratentorial location: a report of two cases
    (Health and Medical Publishing Group, 2014) Mahomed, N; Naidoo, J; Dlangamandla, S; Andronikou, S; Pather, S; Pillay, K
    Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour of the central nervous system is a rare, highly aggressive childhood malignancy. The age of presentation is usually <2 years, but this tumour may occur in other age groups. The typical location is the posterior fossa, with supratentorial origin less common. We present two cases of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours, with the suprasellar location of one case proving to be a diagnostic radiological challenge.
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    Hypertensive encephalopathy with CT confirmation in four children with acute renal disease
    (2005) Andronikou, S; Patel, M; Sinclair, P; McCulloch, M
    Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) is a clinical syndrome that occurs infrequently in children and is often underdiagnosed. We review four patients with HE and describe their clinical presentation and radiological findings on computed tomography (CT). Our cases demonstrate typical features on CT and correlate clinically with the syndrome of HE. Prompt recognition of the syndrome aids in earlier diagnosis and treatment, and hence proves beneficial to the patient.
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    Hypoxic-ischaemic injury - the 'white cerebellum sign' versus the true 'reversal sign'
    (2005) Moosa, S; Andronikou, S
    A small percentage of patients who suffer a global cerebral hypoxic/ ischaemic injury develop reversal of the normal density relationship of grey and white matter on CT scans.1,2 The neuroradiology texts are confusing in their description of the CT appearance of the ‘reversal sign’3,4 which is a feature related to severe hypoxia (birth asphyxia, cardiopulmonary arrest), trauma (child abuse) and infection.1 2,5 We present two paediatric cases with this type of injury, one of which demonstrates the ‘white cerebellum sign’and the other the true ‘reversal sign’, in order to demonstrate the imaging differences
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    Imaging findings in a patient with eosinophilic pneumonia (Lvffler's syndrome)
    (AOSIS, 2005) Andronikou, S; Du Toit, G; Carrighal, M; Argent, A
    Löffler’s syndrome was initially described as a disorder characterised by transient pulmonary infiltrates accompanied by peripheral blood eosinophilia in asymptomatic or mildly ill patients. Abnormal chest radiographic findings are said to occur in 95% of patients but there are no descriptions of CT findings. There are many causes of this syndrome, but in developing countries the most common presentation remains secondary to the migratory larvae of common intestinal helminths. We present the clinical and radiological features of a boy with clearly defined Löffler's syndrome due to larval migration.
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    Rhabdomyosarcoma - site matters
    (2006) Greyling, P J; Andronikou, S; Ackermann, C; Schulze, O C; Wieselthaler, N
    For the clinical radiologist imaging a soft-tissue mass in a child, site plays an important role in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Rhabdomyosarcomas can arise from any tissue, even those devoid of skeletal muscle. Knowledge of the common sites involved allows inclusion in the differential diagnosis where relevant and also has a limited potential to prognosticate. With this article we hope to give some clarity as to when this diagnosis is likely. Rhabdomyosarcomas are relatively rare, but radiologists should have a high index of suspicion at particular sites where this may be the most common childhood malignancy. Common sites are the head and neck, genito-urinary system and extremities.
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    Sedation of children undergoing MRI — a risky business!
    (HEALTH & MEDICAL PUBLISHING GROUP, 2004) Kitsa, P; Andronikou, S; Cardoso, J F
    On its own magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poses little risk to children, but sedation or general anaesthesia used to facilitate the examination increases the risk of adverse events. Conscious sedation may guarantee adult patient compliance in difficult cases; however a deeper level of sedation is required for children aged 6 months - 7 years. Children older than this often comply with instructions to remain still. Infants may go to sleep with a feed.
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    The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign in a polycythaemic child
    (2005) Douis, H; Andronikou, S; Jadwat, S
    The hyperdense middle cerebral artery (HMCA) sign is known to be an early sign of intracranial arterial occlusion or infarction during unenhanced CT imaging of the brain.1 This sign has also been seen after treatment with bromide,2 in cocaine abusers3 and in adults with elevated haematocrit,4 but has not previously been reported to be a result of polycythaemia in children.
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    The paediatric suprasellar cistern as an important CT review area
    (2005) Dahya, V; Andronikou, S
    Pathology affecting the suprasellar cistern is varied in paediatric neuroradiology practice. Although MRI is the imaging modality of choice for lesions of the suprasellar cistern, abnormalities can be detected on CT with knowledge of the normal anatomy and a sound approach to the possible pathological entities. We present our approach to pathology affecting the suprasellar cistern and highlight this using various cases seen at our institution in the recent past.
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    Usefulness of neuro-imaging for the diagnosis of HIV encephalopathy in children
    (Health and Medical Publishing Group, 2004) Kieck, J R; Andronikou, S
    It is important to recognise the central nervous system (CNS) imaging appearances of HIV, in particular those of HIV encephalopathy, as this is an AIDS-defining illness. HIV encephalopathy is a common manifestation of HIV, with distinct neuro-imaging features. With the use of images we aim to draw the clinician’s attention to the neuro-imaging modalities best suited to demonstrating these features. Neurological dysfunction in AIDS is common, occurring in as many as 80% of children.1 The spectrum of diseases includes HIV encephalopathy, cerebrovascular disease, PML (progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy), infections and malignancies. Opportunistic CNS infections are extremely rare in paediatric AIDS patients compared with adults,2-4 even in the presence of systemic infections by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, candida and cytomegalovirus (CMV) (CMV being the most common paediatric opportunistic infection).3 Toxoplasmosis is almost never seen in young children.3,5,6 Lymphoma (4% of HIV-positive children)6 is more common than toxoplasmosis,3,5,6 but is also not commonly encountered in paediatric practice. The JC virus is considered an opportunistic infection and manifests as PML, which is still rare in children.3,5,7,8 The imaging manifestations of CNS infections, malignancies and vascular diseases fall outside the scope of this article. Up to 76% of asymptomatic HIV-positive children are found to have at least one abnormality on computed tomography (CT).3 Chamberlain et al. 1 found that 40% of HIV-positive children have abnormal CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans by the age of 1 year. The most common findings on imaging are cerebral atrophy1-4,6 and basal ganglia calcifications.1-4,6 White matter changes related to HIV itself are less common,1-3 but occur more frequently than PML.