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Browsing by Author "Zar, Heather J"

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Admission trends at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town: 2004 to 2013

Author: Isaacs, Yumnah Date: 2016 Background: Hospital database research has the potential to provide useful insights into health systems functioning, population health, clinical conditions and epidemiological trends thereof. This type of research is routinely done in countries ... Read more
Childhood pneumonia - progress and challenges

Author: Zar, Heather J ; Madhi, Shabir A Date: 2006 Remarkable progress has been made in the development of antimicrobial therapy, effective vaccines and pneumonia management guidelines in the past 50 years. However, pneumonia is currently the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 ... Read more
Clinical features and outcome of patients with severe lower respiratory tract infection admitted to a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit in the Western Cape, South Africa

Author: Hutton, Hayley Date: 2016 Objective: Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) remains an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in low and middle income countries (LMIC). This study aims to describe the clinical features of children admitted to a ... Read more
Comparison of a real-time multiplex PCR and sequetyping assay for pneumococcal serotyping

Author: Dube, Felix S ; van Mens, Suzan P ; Robberts, Lourens ; Wolter, Nicole ; Nicol, Paul ; Mafofo, Joseph ; Africa, Samantha ; Zar, Heather J ; Nicol, Mark P Date: 2015 BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal serotype identification is essential to monitor pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness and serotype replacement. Serotyping by conventional serological methods are costly, labour-intensive, and require significant technical ... Read more c b
Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae from different types of nasopharyngeal swabs in children

Author: Dube, Felix S ; Kaba, Mamadou ; Whittaker, Elizabeth ; Zar, Heather J ; Nicol, Mark P Date: 2013 BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae is important to assess the impact of vaccination and the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease. We compared the recovery of S. ... Read more c b
Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children - what's new?

Author: Zar, Heather J Date: 2007 The global burden of paediatric tuberculosis (TB) has been underappreciated. Control programmes, focused on adult infectious cases, have largely based case detection and reporting on sputum smear results. However, evidence suggests that in ... Read more
Epidemiology of pertussis in children hospitalised with respiratory tract infection

Author: Muloiwa, Rudzani Date: 2021 The availability of an effective vaccine against Bordetella pertussis substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality from pertussis, however, in the last decade there appears to have been a substantial increase in pertussis cases as reported ... Read more
Flexible modelling of risk factors on the incidence of pneumonia in young children in South Africa using piece-wise exponential additive mixed modelling

Author: Ramjith, Jordache ; Roes, Kit C ; Zar, Heather J ; Jonker, Marianne A Date: 11 Jan 2021 Introduction Recurrent episodes of pneumonia are frequently modeled using extensions of the Cox proportional hazards model with the underlying assumption of time-constant relative risks measured by the hazard ratio. We aim ... Read more c b
Humoral immune responses to Pneumocystis jirovecii antigens in HIV-infected and uninfected young children with pneumocystis pneumonia

Author: Djawe, Kpandja ; Daly, Kieran R ; Levin, Linda ; Zar, Heather J ; Walzer, Peter D Date: 2013 BACKGROUND: Humoral immune responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected children with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) are poorly understood. METHODS: Consecutive children hospitalized with acute pneumonia, tachypnea, ... Read more c b
The impact of isoniazid preventative therapy and antiretroviral therapy on tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected children in a high TB incidence setting

Author: Frigati, Lisa Jane Date: 2011 The aim of this study is to investigate the combined effect of IPT [INH preventative therapy] and ART [antiretroviral therapy] on TB incidence in HIV-infected children. A cohort analysis will be performed using data from a prospective, ... Read more
Incorrect use of a homemade spacer for treatment of recurrent wheezing in children - a cause for concern

Author: Zar, Heather J ; Motala, Cas ; Weinberg, Eugene Date: 2005 Inhaled bronchodilators, particularly β2-agonists, are one of the most effective therapies for rapid reversal of airway narrowing in acute asthma. In children bronchodilators are best given using a metered dose inhaler (MDI) with attached ... Read more
Indoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a South African birth cohort study

Author: Vanker, Aneesa Date: 2018 middleincome countries (LMIC) and a major reason for health care visits and hospitalisation. Environmental exposures to indoor air pollution (IAP) or tobacco smoke are important risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. Despite ... Read more
Investigating associations between maternal mental health on wheeze through two years of age in a South African birth cohort study

Author: Macginty, Rae Date: 2017 Background: Wheezing is one of the most common respiratory illnesses in children worldwide. Severe wheeze can result in significant morbidity, caregiver burden and increased health care costs. In addition, early childhood wheeze may be ... Read more
Lung function in HIV-infected children and adolescents

Author: Githinji, Leah N ; Gray, Diane M ; Zar, Heather J Date: 25 Jun 2018 Background The advent of antiretroviral therapy has led to the improved survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children to adulthood and to HIV becoming a chronic disease in older children and adolescents. ... Read more
Maternal blood contamination of collected cord blood can be identified using DNA methylation at three CpGs

Author: Morin, Alexander M ; Gatev, Evan ; McEwen, Lisa M ; MacIsaac, Julia L ; Lin, David T S ; Koen, Nastassja ; Czamara, Darina ; Räikkönen, Katri ; Zar, Heather J ; Koenen, Karestan ; Stein, Dan J ; Kobor, Michael S ; Jones, Meaghan J Date: 25 Jul 2017 Background: Cord blood is a commonly used tissue in environmental, genetic, and epigenetic population studies due to its ready availability and potential to inform on a sensitive period of human development. However, the introduction of ... Read more
Maternal participant experience in a South African birth cohort study enrolling healthy pregnant women and their infants

Author: Barnett, Whitney ; Brittain, Kirsty ; Sorsdahl, Katherine ; Zar, Heather J ; Stein, Dan J Date: 19 Jul 2016 Background: Critical to conducting high quality research is the ability to attract and retain participants, especially for longitudinal studies. Understanding participant experiences and motivators or barriers to participating in clinical ... Read more c b
New imaging approaches for improving diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis

Author: Bélard, Sabine ; Andronikou, Savvas ; Pillay, Tanyia ; Grobusch, Martin P ; Zar, Heather J Date: 2014 In South Africa (SA), childhood tuberculosis (TB) still accounts for considerable morbidity and mortality. The incidence of TB disease and risk of progression to severe or disseminated forms are especially high in young children or those with ... Read more c b n
Optimizing 16S rRNA gene profile analysis from low biomass nasopharyngeal and induced sputum specimens

Author: Claassen-Weitz, Shantelle ; Gardner-Lubbe, Sugnet ; Mwaikono, Kilaza S ; du Toit, Elloise ; Zar, Heather J ; Nicol, Mark P Date: 12 May 2020 Careful consideration of experimental artefacts is required in order to successfully apply high-throughput 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing technology. Here we introduce experimental design, quality control and “denoising” ... Read more
Oral trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole levels in stable HIV-infected children

Author: Zar, Heather J ; Langdon, Grant ; Apolles, Patti ; Eley, Brian ; Hussey, Gregory ; Smith, Peter Date: 2006 Background. Effective treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) requires therapeutic serum concentrations of 5 - 10 µg/ml trimethoprim (TMP); consequently intravenous trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is recommended therapy. ... Read more
Pneumocystis pneumonia in South African children diagnosed by molecular methods

Author: Morrow, Brenda M ; Samuel, Catherine M ; Zampoli, Marco ; Whitelaw, Andrew ; Zar, Heather J Date: 10 Jan 2014 Background: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an important cause of hospitalization and mortality in HIV-infected children. However, the incidence of PCP has been underestimated due to poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests. The use of polymerase ... Read more c b

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